1. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 SKA Dish Verification Antenna #1 Gary Hovey Astronomy Technology Program – Penticton 12 February 2013

2. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 Introduction Background/Motivation Optics and Performance Timeline Remaining work DVA12 of 27

3. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 What SKA Needs Low cost per unit area of aperture. –low cost materials, low mass design, low fabrication labour ( favours symmetric ) Very low operational cost for a 30 year life Frequency range of 0.3 to 10+ GHz with suite of feeds –( favours offset ) Excellent Ae / Tsys with low far out sidelobes –accurate surfaces, controlled spillover, low diffraction ( favours offset ) Exceptional stability and dynamic range. –very rigid surfaces and very good pointing, over wind, gravity and thermal (favours composites) DVA13 of 27

4. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 History Started investigating composite reflectors in 2005 Built Mk 1 in 2007 Built Mk 2 in 2008 Started collaborating with US-TDP in 2010 on building DVA1 Concept Design Review done, February 2011 Preliminary Design Review done, October 2011 Detailed Design Review done, July 2012 Construction underway Testing 2013/2014 DVA14 of 27

5. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 5 of 27 Dish Technology From Richard Schilizzi

6. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 Single piece reflectors often have low labour cost relative to alternate designs A frame & spar system gives good edge & center support with an open center. Wind & gravity moment loads are reduce with Az & El near the shell center. The support system allows a compact turret head to be nested close to shell. A compact turret head can contain almost all the precision machining needs. A relatively simple pipe pedestal can support the turret head. ( wind & thermal ) ATA Implementation Matt Fleming, 2010-04-16 6 of 27

7. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 Optical Designs Considered Matt Fleming, 2010-04-16 7 of 27

8. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 Dish Verification Antenna 8 of 27DVA1

9. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 DVA1 Reflector 9 of 27DVA1

10. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 Mount Components 10 of 27DVA1

11. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 Design Goals Key aspects of the DVA-1 antenna –Extremely stable optical performance (dynamic range) –Rim-supported center-retained composite reflectors –Light-weight modular mount (off-site assembly) –“Mild” shaped offset-Gregorian feed-high optics (max A/T) –Large focal region capacity/flexibility –Platform for additional testing of feeds/electronics Focus has been on maximizing Performance/Cost while addressing manufacturability/maintainability 11 of 27DVA1

12. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 Why a Composite Reflector? (and Not Metal Like the ATA) Superior performance and cost competitive with metal –Low thermal expansion materials. –Evolving material and manufacturing technologies –Large membrane surfaces possible. –Can tailor material to meet cost or performance requirement Highly accurate and stable surface –Over gravity, wind, and temperature. A stable and predictable radiation pattern. – Essential for high dynamic range imaging. 12 of 27DVA1

13. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 EM Advantages of Offsets Reflectors Clear optical path, no blockage or scattering Can support large sub-reflectors or feeds at the prime focus. Combined with shaped optics, leads to very low spillover (~ - 50db wide angle) Very low spillover yields very low antenna noise temperature (<6 K ground) Very low spillover results in high rejection of RFI and strong sources Shaped optics yield high efficiencies, total result is a high Aeff / Tsys 13 of 27DVA1

14. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 Practical Advantages of Offsets Reflectors Ample space and load capability to mount multiple feeds Feeds, receivers and interchange mechanism out of optical path Access to payload area with out impacting either reflector PAF can be mounted at either secondary or primary focal area For structural cost reasons, DVA-1 is “feed arm high” Easy, effective maintenance access with a standard scissors lift truck 14 of 27DVA1

15. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 DVA-1 Beam Pattern, Perfect Feed Lynn Baker, US TDP, Cornell 15 of 27

16. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 DVA-1 Low Frequency Performance.35 To 2.8 GHz. 16 of 27DVA1

17. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 DVA-1 Efficiency, 3 Corrugated Horns 17 of 27DVA1

18. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 15m Shaped Offset Gregorian DVA1 Antenna Temperature vs. Elevation1.4 GHz It uses the antenna pattern of the 55° elevation case, and it assumes that the antenna pattern remains the same for all elevation angles, as the gravitational deformation response at 1.4 GHz is undistinguishable from the undeformed surface case. 18 of 27

19. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 15m Shaped Offset Gregorian DVA1 Full Wide Far Field Pattern 1.4 GHz Gravity Deformation @ Elev: 55° 19 of 27

20. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 Gravity Distortion Worst Case @ Elev: 15° German Cortes, US-TDP, Cornell Aperture Phase Distribution [λ] Aperture Power Distribution -0.007 λ -0.031 λ +0.0062 λ 20 of 27

21. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 15m Shaped Offset Gregorian DVA1 Beam Far Field Pattern + Gravity @ Elev: 15° 21 of 27

22. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 Gravity Errors at 18 GHz DVA122 of 27

23. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 Gravity, Wind, and Thermal Design Performance (1g, 25 kph,  C DVA123 of 27

24. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 Summary of Optics Design/Analysis The structure is essentially perfect at 1.4 GHz. Antenna noise temperature is very low, 6K at zenith Aperture Efficiency 80% Aeff/Tsys is greater than 6 m^2 / K DVA124 of 27

25. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 Dish Verification Antenna Gregorian Optics - optimised for maximum area and minimum noise (A eff /T sys ) Cost effective but robust mount design Optimized feed support that is stiff, light, and low cost. Simple and stiff backup structure. Rim supported composite surface (accurate, stable, low labour) Secondary focus provides large space for receivers Primary focus can be used by a Phased Array Feed Targeted to meet SKA specifications. 25 of 27DVA1

26. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 What’s next? Summarize Results from DVA1 Performance and Costs. Optimise and refine design for SKA1 Review requirements and finalize them. Review and refine optics design. Review mechanical design and tailor it for cost and performance. Optimize design for mass production. Re-analyze cost for SKA2. Build and demonstrate DVA2 a production prototype for SKA1. DVA126 of 27

27. SKA Dishes, CSIRO 11-14 February 2013 Questions? Comments? Help Welcome 27 of 27