2. Immune 2 Renal 1 Renal 2 Misc. Immune 1 10 20 30 40 50 40 30 20 10 50 40 30 20 10 50 40 30 20 10 50 40 30 20 10

3. QUESTION: What is the functional unit of the kidney? ANSWER: Nephron

4. QUESTION: Name two types of nephrons. ANSWER: Cortical Juxtamedullary

5. QUESTION: What are the three protective layers surrounding the kidney? ANSWER: Renal fascia Perirenal fat capsule Fibrous capsule

6. QUESTION: Name the parts of the renal tubule. ANSWER: PCT Descending LOH Ascending LOH DCT Collecting ducts

7. QUESTION: Trace the blood flow through the nephron. ANSWER: Afferent arteriole Glomerulus Efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries Vasa recta

8. QUESTION: What do the cells in the PCT look like? ANSWER: Microvilli Mitochondria

9. QUESTION: What is the function of the DCT? ANSWER: Secretion

10. QUESTION: What is the function of intercalated cells and principal cells? ANSWER: Intercalated – Maintain acid-base balance Principal – Water and salt regulation

11. QUESTION: Describe how the myogenic mechanism works. ANSWER: When blood pressure goes up, afferent arterioles constrict to slow down GFR When blood pressure goes down, afferent arterioles dilate to speed up GFR

12. QUESTION: What are the three stages of urine formation? ANSWER: Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion

13. QUESTION: What is the defining characteristic of NK cells? ANSWER: Not phagocytic

14. QUESTION: Name the three layers of the filtration membrane. ANSWER: Capillary endothelium Basement membrane Podocyte

15. QUESTION: Name three hormones in the renal system and what they do. ANSWER: Parathyroid hormone – regulates calcium levels ADH – water regulation Aldosterone – sodium regulation

16. QUESTION: What are the four stages of phagocyte mobilization? ANSWER: Leukocytosis Margination Diapedesis Chemotaxis

17. QUESTION: Describe how the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism works. ANSWER: When salt levels are high, macula densa cells of JGA release vasoconstricting chemical Afferent arteriole constricts, GFR decreases

18. QUESTION: Name two barriers in the first line of defense. ANSWER: Skin Mucous membranes

19. QUESTION: Name two cell types that are a part of the second line of defense. ANSWER: Macrophages Neutrophils Natural killer cells Phagocytes

20. QUESTION: What are two signs of the inflammatory response? ANSWER: Swelling Redness Heat Pain

21. QUESTION: Name two characteristics of the adaptive immune system. ANSWER: Antigen specific Systemic Has memory

22. QUESTION: What does SCID and AIDS stand for? ANSWER: Severe combined immunodeficiency Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

23. QUESTION: Where do T-cells and B-cells mature? ANSWER: Thymus Bone marrow

24. QUESTION: How can an organism acquire immunity actively? ANSWER: Having an infection Vaccinations

25. QUESTION: What is one type of passive immunity? ANSWER: Donor antibodies Mother’s antibodies

26. QUESTION: What type of protein recognizes normal cells as “self?” ANSWER: Class I major histocompatibility complex proteins (MHC)

27. QUESTION: What is one autoimmune disease? ANSWER: Rheumatoid arthritis Multiple sclerosis