1. 12. MUCOSAL IMMUNITY

9. 13. TRANSPLANTATION

20. 14. ANTI-TUMOUR IMMUNITY

27. 15. REGULATION OF IMMUNE RESPONSES

34. MECHANISMS OF Treg

35. DEVELOPMENT AND SELECTION IN THYMUS – ALSO Treg!!!

42. BASIC DOGMA OF THE ADAPTIVE RESPONSE: ANTIBODY RESPONSES (B, Th2) – EFFECTIVE AGAINST EXTRACELLULAR PARASITES INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES (Th1, Tc) – EFFECTIVE AGAINST INTRACELLULAR PARASITES MUTUAL COMPETITION Th1 vs. Th2 (REGULATION BY POSITIVE FEEDBACK) WRONG CHOICE OF THE Th1 vs. Th2 RESPONSE CAN BE FATAL (LEPROSY…)

43. Th1 x Th2 („they don’t like each other …“) IFN  vs. IL-4

45. 16. IMMUNOPATOLOGIC REACTIONS - ALLERGIES

52. Incidence of prototypical infectious diseases and immune disorders 1950 to 2000 N Engl J Med, Vol 347, No. 12, 09/2002

53. HUGE INCREASE OF ALLERGIES AS „CIVILIZATION DISEASES“ Epidemiological studies - hygienic hypothesis: Early childhood on a (primitive) farm (mycobacteria, LPS?) Intestinal parasites Breast feeding Non/pasteurized milk “Good” intestinal flora Hepatitis A Diesel exhaust particles? Life style in general (DDR vs. FRG, Turkish immigrants, anthroposophy..)

62. 17. IMMUNOPATOLOGIC AUTOIMMUNE REACTIONS

65. DiseaseAutoantibodies to Systemic lupus erythematodesNuclear antigens; blood elements Rheumatoiod arthritis Fc-fragments of immunoglobulins ("rheumatoid factor") DermatopolymyositisExtractable nuclear antigens Jo-1, PM/Scl Sjögren’s diseaseExtractable nuclear antigens (SS-A, SS-B) Systemic sclerodermyExtractable nuclear antigens (Scl-70) Anti/phospholipide syndromPhospholipids Some vasculitisCytoplasmatic antigens of neutrophils

67. DiseaseHLARelative risk* Ankylosing spondyloarthritis (Bechterev disease) B2787.4 Uveitis B2710 Goodpasture syndrom DR215.9 Multiple sclerosis DR24.8 Graves-Basedow disease DR33.7 Systemic lupus erythematodes DR35.8 Myasthenia gravis DR32.5 Pemphigus DR414.4 Rheumatoid arthritis DR44.2 Hashimotova thyreoiditis DR53.2

69. 18. IMMUNODEFICIENCIES

75. Nu/nu mouse (athymic)

85. 19. IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS AND IMMUNOTERAPY

94. MARKED SUCCESS – THERAPEUTIC MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES: Discovery 1976, Nobel prize 1984. Not patented… >15 years technical difficulties in therapeutic uses Last cca 10 years – huge progress (humanized mAb), most dynamic field of pharmaceutic industry, sales over 20 billion USD per year… Cca 30 approved by FDA, other cca 100 under testing

98. HOPEFULLY IN FUTURE: - BETTER VACCINES (HIV, WEAK AND TUMOR ANTIGENS?) - BETTER IMMUNOSUPPRESSION (AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES, ALLERGIES, TRANSPLANTATION) - EFFECTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPIES OF TUMOURS (A WEAK SPOT OF IMMUNITY…)