1. Chapter 15 Development of the profession of O&M around the world

2. The United Kingdom, Northern & Western Europe  UK -1965  The Netherlands – 1952 (still use Levy’s method of street crossing)  Sweden – 1952  Finland – 1972  Norway – 1964  France – 1968/1980  Spain – 1969  Portugal – trained in France  Germany – 1974  Italy – 1989  Belgium – early 1980’s  Greece - 1994

3. Eastern Europe & the former Soviet Union  Poland – 1979  Czech republic – 1976  Croatia – 1970’s  Hungary – 1978  Romania – 11994  Moldova – 2006  Estonia – early 1990’s  Lithuania – 1991  Latvia – 1990’s  Russia – 2004  Belarus – 1998 (all parents)

4. South Pacific & Asia  Australia – 1971  New Zealand – 1980’s  Pacific Islands – No O&M training programs  Japan – 1965  Hong Kong & China – 1972  South Korea – 1967  Taiwan- 1966/1991  Singapore – 1984  Other Asian countries – short, specific workshops to individuals

5. Other Countries  India – 1970’s  Bangladesh – 1977  Tajikistan – 2003  Pakistan and Sri Lanka – 1985  Middle East – 1977  Africa – 1969  Canada – 1944  Central and South America – 1960’s