1. MODES OF DEVELOPMENT: CLASSIFICATION ESSAY Lit and Comp 2

2. WHAT IS A MODE OF DEVELOPMENT? -A Mode of development is a way in which you can organize an essay. These often depend upon the task which you are being asked to complete. -You may be familiar with the three writing domains: Narrative, Explanatory & Argumentative -Modes of development are ways in which you can DEVELOP any of these styles of writing, for example: -Definition [middle school – basic explanatory papers] -Compare and Contrast [9 th grade – can be explanatory or argumentative] -Classification and Division [10 th grade – can be explanatory or argumentative] -Cause and Effect [11 th grade – can be explanatory or argumentative]

3. WHAT IS CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION? “We classify when we sort things into groups; kinds of cars, styles of writing, types of customers. Because it creates order, CLASSIFICATION helps us make sense of our experiences and surroundings. With it, we see the correspondences among like things and distinguish them from unlike things, similarities and distinctions that can be especially helpful when making a decision or encouraging others to see things from a new perspective.” – Common Threads (209)

4. WHAT IS CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION? -An essay prompt may ask you to analyze the different responses characters had to a certain event in the text. To respond to this you would have to CLASSIFY (explain your different groupings in detail) the different responses that are present in the text and DIVIDE the characters into these different groups. For example: there may have been those who accepted the outcome of a major event in the text, those who rejected it, and those who lived in denial Your essay would then have a body paragraph dedicated to each of these areas of division in which you explain the parameters of each category, and illustrate how the characters you chose fall under each category.

5. READING CLASSIFICATION Writers classify primarily to explain a pattern in a subject that might not have been noticed before: a sportswriter, for instance, might observe that great basketball defenders tend to fall into one of three groups based on their style of play: the shot blockers, the stealers, and the brawlers. Sometimes, writers also classify to persuade readers that one group is superior: that same sportswriter might argue that shot blockers are the most effective defenders because they not only create turnovers like the stealers do, but they also intimidate the opponents like the brawlers do. Three steps of Classification: 1. Separate things into their elements, using the method of division or analysis 2. Isolate the similarities among the elements 3. Group or Classify the things based on those similarities, matching like with like

6. EXAMPLE Take a moment to view the example classification of the scientific system of sorting animals in your book (page 210)

7. HOW MANY GROUPS??? The number of groups in a classification scheme depends entirely on the basis for establishing the classes in the first place. There are two systems: 1) Complex Classification 2) Binary Classification

8. COMPLEX CLASSIFICATION In a complex classification like that used for the animal kingdom, each individual fits firmly into one class because of at least one distinguishing feature shared with all members of that class but not with any members of any other classes. All the fishes classified as Chondrichthyes have cartilage skeletons, but none of the jawless fishes do.

9. BINARY CLASSIFICATION In a binary classification, two classes are set up, often one with a certain characteristic and one without it. For instance, fish could be classified into those with bony skeletons and those without them. A binary scheme is useful to emphasize the possession of a particular characteristic, but is limited if it specifies nothing about the members of the “other” class except that they lack that trait. (An old joke claims that there are only two kinds of people in the world – those who classify and all others.)

10. PRINCIPLE OF CLASSIFICATION Sorting items demands a principle of classification that determines the groups by distinguishing them. The principle in sorting the animals for instance, is their anatomy – the structure of their bodies. Principles for sorting a year’s movies might be: 1) Genre (action adventure, comedy, drama) 2) Place of origin (domestic or foreign) 3) Cost of Production (low, medium, or high budget) The choice of a principle of classification depends on the writer’s main interest in the subject [OR THE PROMPT]

11. CONSISTENCY IN PRINCIPLES -Although a writer may emphasize one class over the others [in an evaluative piece], the classification itself must be complete and consistent. -A classification of movies by genre would be incomplete if it omitted comedies. -It would be inconsistent if it included action-adventures, comedies, dramas, low-budget, and foreign films  Such a system mixes three principles (genre, cost, origin)  It omits whole classes (what about high-budget domestic dramas?)  And it overlaps other classes (a low-budget foreign action-adventure would fit in three groups)

12. CLASSIFICATION IN ACTION - PRACTICE -View the sample classification paragraphs in your book (read pages 212-215) to become familiar with this mode of development. -Then, read the sample piece titled “What Are Friends For?” by Marion Winik and answer question: Key Ideas and Details 1 and 2; Craft and Structure 2 and 3; Integration of Knowledge and Ideas 2

13. FORMING A THESIS You will want to state your principle of classification in a thesis sentence so that you know where you’re going and readers know where you’re taking them. Be sure the sentence also conveys a reason for the classification so that the essay does not become a dull list of categories. Example: Draft thesis: Charity fund-raising requests are delivered in many ways. Revised thesis: Of the many ways to deliver charity fund-raising requests, the three that rely on personal contact are generally the most effective.