1. Bourns College of Engineering – Center for Environmental Research and Technology University of California, Riverside Evaluation of Emissions/Residue Testing from a Thermal Conversion Process Using a Municipal Solid Waste Feedstock By William A. Welch University of California, Riverside Bourns College of Engineering Center for Environmental Research and Technology Presentation to California Integrated Waste Management Board September 20, 2005

2. Bourns College of Engineering – Center for Environmental Research and Technology University of California, Riverside International Environmental Solutions Facility Romoland, CA

3. Bourns College of Engineering – Center for Environmental Research and Technology University of California, Riverside Feedstock (Post-MRF Residual)

4. Bourns College of Engineering – Center for Environmental Research and Technology University of California, Riverside Air Emissions Sampling

5. Bourns College of Engineering – Center for Environmental Research and Technology University of California, Riverside Test Matrix Approximately 80 hours of testing over 8 days Air Emissions –Continuous analysis conducted for nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen –Integrated samples acquired for determination of total particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, toxic organics, volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, multiple metals, mercury, dioxins, and furans Feedstock –Process weight, heating value, organic and inorganic species Solid Residues –Process weight, heating value, organic and inorganic species

6. Bourns College of Engineering – Center for Environmental Research and Technology University of California, Riverside Air Emissions No regulatory limits currently in place in the US for thermal conversion processes Comparison to other emissions limits –Results and/or regulatory limits converted to normalized concentration values for comparison –US EPA limits for starved air combustors –South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) permit limits for municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators –European (German) limits for thermal conversion processes IES Results –Tests show compliance with all existing limits for criteria pollutants, except for NOx –Company currently developing NOx control strategy –Health Risk Assessment currently underway

7. Bourns College of Engineering – Center for Environmental Research and Technology University of California, Riverside Exhaust Air Emissions Concentrations and Regulatory Standards (concentrations in mg/m 3 unless otherwise noted)

8. Bourns College of Engineering – Center for Environmental Research and Technology University of California, Riverside Exhaust Air Emissions Concentrations and Regulatory Standards

9. Bourns College of Engineering – Center for Environmental Research and Technology University of California, Riverside Feedstock and Residue Analyses No way to obtain “representative” sample of feedstocks or residues due to the highly heterogeneous nature of mixed MSW Some general trends can be gathered from the results –There is good potential of post-process recycling of glass and metals from the char –Volatile metals (Hg, As, Cd, Pb) are found in higher concentrations in the baghouse residue than the char –Heavier molecular weight metals are concentrated in the char –Very low levels of toxic organic compounds found in residues –Significant heating value remains in the char Future work –Need dioxin/furan and TCLP analyses on char/residues –Strategy for extracting additional energy from char –Strategy for stabilizing char/ash residues for safe disposal

10. Bourns College of Engineering – Center for Environmental Research and Technology University of California, Riverside Inorganic Analyses of Feedstock and Solid Residues (example only; not representative of bulk stream) (concentrations in mg/kg)

11. Bourns College of Engineering – Center for Environmental Research and Technology University of California, Riverside Organic Analyses of Feedstock and Solid Residues (example only; not representative of bulk stream)

12. Bourns College of Engineering – Center for Environmental Research and Technology University of California, Riverside Conclusions Test results show compliance with most air pollution regulations. Modifications to control equipment may be necessary to meet NOx or other health risk standards Further characterization of char and baghouse residues recommended for development of solid waste treatment and disposal strategy