1. FEASIBILITY STUDIES IN HIGH RESOLUTION THz SPECTROSCOPY CHRISTIAN ENDRES FRANK LEWEN MARTINA WIEDNER OLIVER RICKEN URS GRAF THOMAS GIESEN STEPHAN SCHLEMMER I. PHYSIKALISCHES INSTITUT UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE GERMANY DMITRY PAVELIEV LABORATORY OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES RADIOPHYSICAL FACULTY STATE UNIVERSITY OFNIZHNY NOVGOROD RUSSIA

2. Atacama Pathfinder Experiment APEX 280 – 890 GHz (1.3 – 1.5 THz) Herschel Space Observatory HIFI / Herschel 0.5 – 1.25 THz and 1.4 – 1.9 THz Start Feb 2009 ALMA Atacama Large Millimeter Array 84 – 720 GHz (30 – 950 GHz) Start ~ 2011 New Telescopes for Sub-mm Astronomy

3. PLL Harmonic Mixer PC Lock-InSynthesizer Power Supply Synthesizer IF 350 MHz16 GHz 2f Modulation ~ 50 - 950 GHz Bolometer Absorption cell Lense Cologne Terahertz Spectrometer Atomic Clock Frequency Range: up to 1 THz Accuracy  =10 -9

4. PLL Harmonic Mixer PC Lock-InSynthesizer SL Power Supply Synthesizer IF 350 MHz16 GHz 2F Modulation ~250 GHz 0.75 – 3.1 THz Bolometer Absorption cell Lense Application of Superlattice Multipliers for High Resolution THz Spectroscopy, C. P. Endres, F. Lewen, T. F. Giesen, and S. Schlemmer, Rev. Scientific Instr. (2007) I. Cologne Superlattice Spectrometer for 0.25 – 3.1 THz

5. Superlattice Multiplier Development and Fabrication D.Paveliev (N. Novgorod State University) K.F.Renk (Universität Regensburg) Periodic Structure 14 monolayers GaAs / 3 monolayers AlAs 70 Periods in total Output Power: ~ 0.5 mW, 3 rd harmonic Efficiency > 5% for 3 rd harmonic Frequency ~ 300 – 3000 GHz Structure Performance 14 mono GaAs 70 periods 3 mono AlAs Superlattice Diodes for 0.3 – 3.0 THz Current-Voltage Curve

6. 3 rd,5 th,7 th, and 9 th harmonics of 100 GHz Input Methanol at 337, 501, 767, and 1062 GHz x3x3 x5x5 x9x9 x7x7

7. Output Power of Schottky and Superlattice Multipliers Application of Superlattice Multipliers for High Resolution THz Spectroscopy, C. P. Endres, F. Lewen, T. F. Giesen, and S. Schlemmer, Rev. Scientific Instr. (2007) Fundamental = 115 GHz 3 rd 7 th 5 th 9 th a = 10 log (U/U 0 ) a SL =0.053 dB/GHz a SK =0.080 dB/GHz 11 th

8. Cologne SL-Terahertz Spectrometer 11 th harmonic of 220 GHz input ND 2 H

9. J Ka Kc = 22 4 19 – 21 3 18 EA AE EE AA Broadband Tunability Spectrum of Dimethyl Ether

10. II. SL-Heterodyne Receiver at Room Temperature SL Absorption Cell SL Synthesizer 25 GHz x 4 Synthesizer 15 GHz 100 GHz 300 GHz 500 GHz 700 GHz 900 GHz 1100 GHz IF = 350 MHz = (300-19x15.771) GHz = (500-35x…) GHz Synthesizer 350.050 MHz IF = 50 KHz ~ Bandpass ~ Multimeter IF = 350 MHz Atomic Clock

11. II. SL-Heterodyne Receiver at Room Temperature SL Absorption Cell SL Synthesizer 25 GHz x 4 Synthesizer 15 GHz 100 GHz 300 GHz 500 GHz 700 GHz 900 GHz 1100 GHz IF = 350 MHz = (300-19x15.771) GHz = (500-35x…) GHz Synthesizer 350.050 MHz IF = 50 KHz ~ Bandpass ~ Multimeter IF = 350 MHz Atomic Clock All solid state spectrometer Sensitive Heterodyne Detection

12. x 50 J ka kc = 34 4 31 – 34 3 32 CH 3 -O-CH 3 DME Spectrum at 301 GHz Sample of 30 scans, Integration time: 60 sec  I / I = 2x10 -4 3rd Harmonics

13. 5 th Harmonics J ka kc = 28 1 28 – 27 0 27 DME Spectrum at 503 GHz

14. III. 1.5 THz CONDOR Heterodyne Receiver Emission Spectroscopy Martin Puplett HEB Multiplier Chain 1.5 THz, 1µW IF = 1- 4 GHz AOS Liq. N 2 D2OD2O M. Wiedner et al. Astron. Astrophys., 454, L33-L36 (2006)

15. D 2 O Heterodyne Spectrum at 1.5 THz Emission Line

16. SL Martin Puplett HEB Gunn 90-95 GHz 90 GHz Multiplier Chain 1.5 THz, 1mW IF = 1- 4 GHz 17 th harmonics 20 pW 1.5 THz AOS D2OD2O III. 1.5 THz CONDOR Heterodyne Receiver Absorption Spectroscopy with SL Multiplier Source

17. D 2 O Heterodyne Signal at 1.5 THz Absorption using the 17 th harmonics of a Superlattice p=20  bar

18. Specifications: PowerSupply: 0.7 A, 4.4 V Power dissipation: 3 W Operation Temp: 20 K Single Mode Conditions for 1.5 THz QCL 1.5 THz QCL Developement C.Walther, M. Fischer, N. Hoyler, J. Faist Institut f¨ur Quantenelektronik, ETH Zürich, Switzerland Mode operation

19. IV. First Phase Locked QCL at 1.5 THz SL Martin Puplett HEB Gunn 122 x 2 GHz 244 GHz IF = 200 MHz PLL 6 th harmonics 1.5 THz QCL Referenz 1-2 mW 1.5 THz U.Graf, M. Philipp, O. Ricken, B. Vowinkel, M.C. Wiedner, C. Walther, M.Fischer, N.Hoyler, J. Faist, 2008

20. 1.5 THz Phase Locked Quantum Cascade Laser 1 KHz

21. New low current Quantum Cascade Lasers at 1.9 THz J. Faist et al, Neuchatel

22. Low Temperature 22-Pole Ion- Trap

23. Ion Trap: Experimental Setup cold head 10 K 22 pole Ion trap

24. Potential Energy Surface Reactants Association Products Transition State E kT AB + + C A + + BC

25. Potential Energy Surface Reactants Association Products Transition State E kT A +* + BC AB + + C AB +* + C A + + BC h

26. Energy Level Diagram of H 2 D +

28. H3+H3+ H2D+H2D+ 0 1 1010 1 01 0 00 1 11 1 10 0 K 100 K X p-H 3 + o-H 3 + p-H 2 D + o-H 2 D + Reaction Laser Induced Reactions probing H 2 D + + HD + H 2

29. H3+H3+ H2D+H2D+ 0 1 1010 1 01 0 00 1 11 1 10 0 K 100 K X p-H 3 + o-H 3 + p-H 2 D + o-H 2 D + Laser Enhanced Reaction h Laser Induced Reactions probing H 2 D + + HD + H 2

30. New Results H2D+H2D+ Δ = 62 MHz (!) APEX  = 20 kHz (!) 10 -8 (!) Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 233004 (2008) Thursday, June19 RB10, Müller et al

31. Summary I.Superlattice Spectrometer for 100-3100 GHz II.Superlattice Heterodyne Spectrometer for room temperature operation III.1.5 THz Heterodyne Emission and Absorption Spectroscopy IV.First 1.5 THz phase locked Quantum cascade laser V.Ultrasensitive Ion Spectroscopy at 1.5 THz

32. Output Power of higher Harmonics of a Superlattice Multiplier