1. OntoSem2OWL Integrating Language Understanding agents into the Semantic Web Ebiquity Presentation 05/17/2005 -Akshay Java

2. Goals Develop a system to translate Ontologies and data between OntoSem and OWL. Provide an environment to run the mappers. Provide Functional Specifications for the mapping. Translate the OntoSem ontology to OWL. Map OntoSem TMRs to OWL. Map OWL Ontologies to OntoSem. Motivation: Integrating language understanding agents into the Semantic Web.

3. System Architecture NL Text OntoSem Ontology Fact Repository TMR OntoSem2OWL OWL Ontology TMRs In OWL OWL2OntoSem

4. Mapping Rules for Classes OntoSem LISP version ( make-frame patent ( definition (value (common "the exclusive right to make, use or sell an invention, which is granted to the inventor"))) ( is-a (value (common intangible-asset legal-right)))) OWL Version: he exclusive right to make, use or sell an invention, which is granted to the inventor

5. Mapping Rules for Properties Properties can be ObjectProperty owl:ObjectProperty Datatype Property owl:DatatypeProperty Property hierarchy is defined by owl:subPropertyOf Domain maps to rdfs:domain Range maps to rdfs:range Restrictions are handled using owl:Restriction Numeric datatypes are handled using XSD

6. Mapping Rules for Properties… (make-frame controls (domain (sem (common physical-event physical-object social-event social-role))) (range (sem (common actualize artifact natural-object social-role))) (is-a (value (common relation))) (inverse (value (common controlled-by))) (definition (value (common "A relation which relates concepts to what they can control"))))

7. Mapping Rules for Properties… "A relation which relates concepts to what they can control" (make-frame (domain (range (is-a (inverse

8. Mapping Rules for Facets SEM and VALUE Maps them using owl:Restriction on a particular property. RELAXABLE-TO Add this to the classes present in owl:Restriction and add this information in the annotation. DEFAULT No clear way to represent non-monotonic reasoning and closed world assumptions in Semantic Web. One way would be to use rules using RuleML and SWRL? DEFAULT-MEASURE similar to DEFAULT Facet, may be handled using rules. NOT Not facet can be handled using owl:disjointOf INV need not be handled since is-a slot is already mapped to owl:inverseOf

9. Mapping Rules for Restrictions Example adapted from OntoSem Chocolate IS-A Flavoring Material-of Hot-chocolate, Ice-cream ColorBrown, Black, White Bitterness0.2

10. Mapping Rules for Restrictions…........... View Image

11. Translating TMR2OWL Translating TMRs involves instantiation of concepts mapped in OWL. Example: (COME-1740 (TIME (VALUE (COMMON (FIND-ANCHOR-TIME)))) (DESTINATION (VALUE (COMMON CITY-1740))) (AGENT (VALUE (COMMON POLITICIAN-1740))) (ROOT-WORDS (VALUE (COMMON (ARRIVE)))) (WORD-NUM (VALUE (COMMON 2))) (INSTANCE-OF (VALUE (COMMON COME)))

12. RDF/OWL Validation http://w3c.org/RDF/Validator/ Swoop Pellet Wonderweb Built Ontology translation tool using Jena API Total Triples Generated ~ 102189 (including bnode) Time to build the Model ~ 10-40 sec Time to do RDFS Inference ~ 10 sec Time to do OWL Micro ~ 40 sec Time to do OWL Full ~ ???? DL Expressivity: ELUIH EL - Conjunction and Full Existential Quantification U - Union H - Role Hierarchy I - Role Inverse Total Number of Classes: 7747 (Defined: 7747, Imported: 0) Total Number of Datatype Properties: 0 (Defined: 0, Imported: 0) Total Number of Object Properties: 604 (Defined: 604, Imported: 0) Total Number of Annotation Properties: 1 (Defined: 1, Imported: 0) Total Number of Individuals: 0 (Defined: 0, Imported: 0) NOTE: This is using no Restrictions After Translation OWL FULL

13. Reasoning Capabilities Buildfile: build.xml init: compile: dist: [jar] Building jar: /home/aks1/software/eclipse/workspace/ontojena/dist/lib/ontojena.jar run: [java] MODEL OK [java] Resource: http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine) [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#all) [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#physical-object) [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#inanimate) [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#wheeled-vehicle) [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#engine-propelled-vehicle) [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#wheeled-engine-vehicle) [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#artifact) [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#object) [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#land-vehicle) [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#vehicle) [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#truck) [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:label ' "a truck with equipment for fighting fires"') [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdf:type owl:Class) [java] fire-engine recognized as subclas of vehicle BUILD SUCCESSFUL Total time: 10 seconds real 0m11.144s user 0m9.530s sys 0m0.190s [aks1@trishuli ontojena]$ Finding Transitive Closures (RDFS reasoning) Fire-engine Truck Wheeled-engine-vehicle Engine-propelled--vehicleWheeled--vehicle Land-vehicle vehicle Inffered Triples

14. View Ontosem in Swoop

15. Application: Gathering instances from NL Ohio Congressman Arrives in Jordan (COME-1740 (TIME (VALUE (COMMON (FIND-ANCHOR-TIME)))) (DESTINATION (VALUE (COMMON CITY-1740))) (AGENT (VALUE (COMMON POLITICIAN-1740))) (ROOT-WORDS (VALUE (COMMON (ARRIVE)))) (WORD-NUM (VALUE (COMMON 2))) (INSTANCE-OF (VALUE (COMMON COME))) ) (POLITICIAN-1740 (AGENT-OF (VALUE (COMMON COME-1740))) (RELATION (VALUE (COMMON PROVINCE-1740))) (MEMBER-OF (VALUE (COMMON CONGRESS))) (ROOT-WORDS (VALUE (COMMON (CONGRESSMAN)))) (WORD-NUM (VALUE (COMMON 1))) (INSTANCE-OF (VALUE (COMMON POLITICIAN))) ) (CITY-1740 (HAS-NAME (VALUE (COMMON "JORDAN"))) (ROOT-WORDS (VALUE (COMMON (JORDAN)))) (WORD-NUM (VALUE (COMMON 4))) (DESTINATION-OF (VALUE (COMMON COME-1740))) (INSTANCE-OF (VALUE (COMMON CITY))) ) jordan

16. Gather all concepts from TMR Sentences: Ohio Congressman Arrives in Jordan. U.S. Representative Tony Hall arrived in Jordan on Saturday en route to Iraq, where he is expected to look into the plight of Iraqis after nearly 10 years of U.N. trade sanctions. TMR In OWL OntoSem Ontology OWL Reasoner Concept = http://ontosem.org/#city-1740 subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#city Concept = http://ontosem.org/#year-2313 subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#year Concept = http://ontosem.org/#suffer-2122 subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#suffer Concept = http://ontosem.org/#date-1873 subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#date Concept = http://ontosem.org/#city-2689 subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#city Concept = http://ontosem.org/#city-1873 subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#city ………………………………. …………………………….. ………………. ……….

17. Gather all Entities from TMR Sentences: Ohio Congressman Arrives in Jordan. U.S. Representative Tony Hall arrived in Jordan on Saturday en route to Iraq, where he is expected to look into the plight of Iraqis after nearly 10 years of U.N. trade sanctions. TMR In OWL OntoSem Ontology OWL Reasoner [java] Using RDQL Query to find Named Entities (Person): [java] x = http://ontosem.org/#human-1873 name = tony-hall [java] Using RDQL Query to find Named Entities (Place): [java] x = http://ontosem.org/#city-1740 name = jordan [java] x = http://ontosem.org/#city-1873 name = jordan [java] x = http://ontosem.org/#province-1740 name = ohio [java] x = http://ontosem.org/#nation-1873 name = iraq [java] x = http://ontosem.org/#nation-2690 name = u.s. [java] x = http://ontosem.org/#nation-2122 name = iraqis [java] Using RDQL Query to find Named Entities (Organization): [java] x = http://ontosem.org/#corporation-2313 name = u.n

18. Find information about an instance Sentences: Ohio Congressman Arrives in Jordan. U.S. Representative Tony Hall arrived in Jordan on Saturday en route to Iraq, where he is expected to look into the plight of Iraqis after nearly 10 years of U.N. trade sanctions. TMR In OWL OntoSem Ontology OWL Reasoner Statements Inffered about :http://ontosem.org/#city-1740 - (http://ontosem.org/#city-1740 http://ontosem.org/#instance-of http://ontosem.org/#city) - (http://ontosem.org/#city-1740 rdf:type http://ontosem.org/#city) - (http://ontosem.org/#city-1740 http://ontosem.org/#has-name 'jordan') - (http://ontosem.org/#city-1740 http://ontosem.org/#destination-of http://ontosem.org/#come-1740) - (http://ontosem.org/#city-1740 rdf:type owl:Thing) ……………………… …………….

19. Interesting issues Representing defaults using Rules. Partitioning large ontologies like OntoSem. Availability of provenanace information in NL text. Identifying and represent cardinalities, transitive, symmetric and inverse functional properties. subsets of mappings conforming to Lite, DL and Full.

20. Using rules to handle defaults Open World view : -At any given time available statements represent limited knowledge of the world. Closed World assumption: -One has all the relevant information Monotonic Reasoning: - new information cant invalidate an earlier conclusion. Non Monotonic Reasoning: -When new information is gained some previous conclusion may be retracted. -Defaults are used to represent cases where lack of explicit information would lead to some assumption. Reasoning on SW is Monotonic

21. Using rules to handle defaults @prefix log:. @prefix tree:. @prefix desc:. @prefix :. this log:forAll :TREE. { log:semantics ?t. ?t log:includes { :TREE a tree:Tree }. ?t log:notIncludes { :TREE desc:leaves [] }. } => { :TREE tree:leaves "green" } Example from http://norman.walsh.name/2004/04/02/notinrdf In OntoSem default ~382 default-measure ~500+

22. References Software Used [1] OntoSem http://ilit.umbc.edu/dekade [2] RDF Validation service http://w3c.org/RDF/Validator [3] Jena Toolkit http://jena.sourceforge.net// [4] Swoop Ontology Viewer http://www.mindswap.org/2004/SWOOP/ [5] Pellet OWL DL Reasoner http://www.mindswap.org/2003/pellet/ [6] Wonder Web OWL Validator http://phoebus.cs.man.ac.uk:9999/OWL/Validator Papers [1] Sergei Nirenburg and Victor Raskin, Ontological Semantics, Formal Ontology and Ambiguity [2] Sergei Nirenburg and Victor Raskin, Ontological Semantics, MIT Press, Forthcoming [3] Sergei Nirenburg, Ontological Semantics: Overview, Presentation CLSP JHU, Spring 2003 [4] Marjorie McShane, Sergei Nirenburg, Stephen Beale, Margalit Zabludowski, The Cross Lingual Reuse and Extension of knowledge Resources in Ontological Semantics [5] P.J Beltran-Ferruz, P.A Gonzalez-Calero, P. Gervas Converting Mikrokosmos frames into Description Logics. [6] Sergei Nirenburg, Ontology Tutorial, ILIT UMBC Mailing Lists [1] Jena Developers jena-dev@yahoogroups.com [2] pellet users pellet-users@lists.mindswap.org [3] Semantic web semanticweb@yahoogroups.com [4] W3c RDF Interest www-rdf-interest@w3.org [5] W3c Semantic web semantic-web@w3.org