2. AIR WATER

3. AIR WATER

4. SUMMARIZING SATURATION In equilibrium SUPERSATURATION We lose oxygen BELOW SATURATION We get oxygen

5. DIFFUSION AT THE SURFACE AIR WATER

6. OXYGEN TRANSFER... The driving force that causes the transfer of oxygen between air & water or water & water is the DIFFERENCE in the oxygen tension and level. When the DIFFERENCE is big, the transfer is big. There is no transfer of oxygen when equilibrium is reached.

7. ..BETWEEN TWO DIFFERENT LAYERS OF WATER.. WATER AT THE SURFACE WATER AT THE BOTTOM

8. INJECTION OF AIR AT THE POND BOTTOM WATER AT THE SURFACE WATER AT THE BOTTOM

9. OXYGEN SOURCE I AIR WATER

10. OXYGEN SOURCE II AIR WATER

11. SAE Standard Aeration Efficiency Kg O2 per Kw/Hour or Kg O2 per hp/Hour How much oxygen can we inject in 1 hour with the same power consumption ?

12. Two different aerators are adding to the water 10 Kg O2/hour We could say or think that they are “producing” the same amount of oxygen. But...... If one is powered 1 H.P.....is 10kgO2 / 1 h.p.= 10 kgO2/h.p If the other is powered 2 H.P...is 10kgO2 / 2 h.p. = 5 kg O2/h.p

13. From Boyd’s data: Paddlewheesl have an average SAE of 2.2 kg O2/hour/kW Propeller-aspirator-pumps have a SAE of 1.6 kg O2/hour/kW But SAE is not the Actual Aeration Efficiency...

15. Paddlewheels 2.2 x 0.1 = 0.22 Kg O2/KW/hr Propeller-aspirator pumps 1.6 x0.6 = 0.96 Kg/KW/hr 336% more efficient

16. AAE AND BOYD DATA OF 360 KG SHRIMP/HP Actual Aeration Efficiency is the oxygen transfer in field conditions AAE can be calculated from SAE or SOTR AAE =SAE x (D.Os - D.O.pond) x1.024 T-20  D.O. 20 o C AAE is related to the oxygen level already existing in the pond

17. Why we need to know AAE, let’s see an example from Boyd, He says..... If the AEE is 0.54 kg O2/hp/hr Boyd says that only 20% of this oxygen is available for the shrimps..... That is 0.108 kg/hp/hr If we divide this quantity by the average oxygen consumption of the shrimp.. 300mg O2/Kg/hr We get.... 360 Kg shrimp/hp... but

18. What is happening when we inject air at the pond bottom (DO 3 ppm) ? WATER AT THE SURFACE WATER AT THE BOTTOM 25 C, 15ppt

19. 25 ° C and 15 ppt (salinity) Actual Aeration Efficiency AAE = SAE x (D.Os - D.O.pond) x1.024 T-20  D.O. 20 o C AAE = 1.2x(7.59 - 3)x1.024 25-20  8.323 SAE in kgO2/kW 15 ppt15ppt, 25 °C temperature D.O. in water

20. 25 ° C, 15ppt (salinity)....... AAE = 0.745 kg O2/hp*hr Boyd says that only 20% of this oxygen is available for the shrimps..... That is 0.149 kg/hp/hr If we divide this quantity by the average oxygen consumption of the shrimp.. 300mg O2/Kg/hr We get..497 Kg shrimp

21. PERIOD TEMP SALINITY KG/Hp SUMMER25 C5 ppt513 SUMMER25 C15 ppt497 WINTER 28 C5 ppt509 WINTER 28 C15 ppt489 AVEGARE IS 502 Kg shrimp/hp Or 1104 lb shrimp/hp

22. What is happening now if we inject air at the surface (DO 5 ppm) with the same SAE ? WATER AT THE SURFACE WATER AT THE BOTTOM 25 C, 15 ppt

23. 25 ° C and 15 ppt (salinity) Actual Aeration Efficiency AAE = SAE x (D.Os - D.O.pond) x1.024 T-20  D.O. 20 o C AAE = 1.2x(7.59 - 5)x1.024 25-20  8.323 SAE in kgO2/kW 15 ppt15ppt, 25 °C temperature D.O. in water – less efficient

24. PERIOD TEMP SALINITY KG/Hp SUMMER25 C5 ppt309 SUMMER25 C15 ppt280 WINTER 28 C5 ppt302 WINTER 28 C15 ppt272 AVERAGE IS 291 Kg Shrimp/hp or 640 lb shrimp/hp Injecting air into water with oxygen level of 5ppm.

25. GOOD FARM MANAGEMENT Constant control of water and soil quality Control on the origin of the PL (WSSV) Constant control of the health of the shrimp Specific analisys, if necessary

26. ACQUA & CO AERATION SYSTEM

27. What we would like to obtain from a good water management ? REDUCE THE WATER EXCHANGE REDUCE THE RISK TO BRING THE WHITE SPOT OR OTHER DISEASES INTO THE FARM CLOSED CIRCUIT

28. HOW MANY HP WILL I NEED ? Following the data from Prof. Boyd (Conference held in May/2001 Guayaquil, Ecuador) 360 Kg Shrimp/h.p. 360 Kg/h.p. By considering –Actual Aeration Efficiency –% of oxygen available for the shrimp –Oxygen consumption of the shrimp –Minimum DO as 4 ppm –Average temperature of 28 o C

29. SCENARIO - BOYD 360 KG/H.P. – (PADDLEWHEEL) Stocking density 400.000 PL/hectare Survival rate 40% Harvest: 160.000 shrimp Final weight 12 gr 160.000 x 12 gr = 1920 kg/hectare 1920 kg/hectare means 5.3 h.p/hectare

30. CASE STUDY FROM VENENEZUELA (Force 7) Bioindustrias Venezolanas tel: 061-594894 (Zuila) Average harvest 800-1100 Kg shrimp/h.p. If we consider the lowest quantity is 800 Kg shrimp/h.p.

31. SCENARIO - VENEZUELA 800 Kg/h.p. Stocking density 400.000 PL/hectare Survival rate 40% Harvest: 160.000 shrimp Final weight 12 gr 160.000 x 12 gr =1920 kg/Hectare 1920 kg/hectare means = 2,4 hp/hectare

32. OF COURSE NO AERATORS CAN ASSURE YOU A GIVEN PRODUCTION BOYD = 360 Kg/h.p Venezuela = 800 Kg/h.p. These data give us information about how much biomass an aerator can stand.

33. AND IN YOUR FARM ? HOW MANY HP/HECTARE ? We need data and information related to the specific environment of the farm. We need “experience” on the above data. We need to evaluate all the available data.

34. Once we know how many HP we need, which kind of aerators will we need ? Paddlewheel ? Air stones ? Air injector with surface motor ? Air injector with submersed motor ?

35. EVALUATION OF THE SYSTEM It is usually very difficult to evaluate in the right way which is the best aeration system, but some consideration can be done... It is important not only HOW MUCH oxygen you can inject but also WHERE you inject it.

36. AERATION SYSTEM A part from SAE and SOTR, there are other subjects that must be evaluated while choosing an aerators. Lets see !!!!

37. FEATURES TO LOOK FOR AND TO BE EVALUATED Where is the injection of the oxygen How is the injection of the water Distribution of the oxygen Possible effect of erosion Maintenance and handling Versatility and different use

38. WHERE AND HOW ? WHERE AND HOW CAN I INJECT THE OXYGEN ? Surface Bottom

39. INJECTION DIAGONAL

40. INJECTION AT THE SURFACE

41. INJECTION HORIZONTAL TO THE POND BOTTOM

43. DISTRIBUTION How we have to distribute the oxygenated water ?

45. Horizontal circulation of the water and distribution of the oxygen

46. USE & MAINTENACE Moving elements Must be simple Resistent Easy to be used by the people employed in the farm Use original spare parts

47. FEW MOVING ELEMENTS

48. SIMPLE TO MAINTAIN

49. CORROSION PROOF WITH MOTOR IN MARINE BRONZE

51. EASY ASSEMBLAGE

52. EASY TO TRANSPORT

53. SUBMERSIBLE

54. VERSATILITY

55. ADJUSTABLE DEPTH

56. ADJUSTABLE ANGLE

57. PURE OXYGEN INJECTION

59. HATCHERY

60. VERY USEFULL AT HARVEST F7 can be operated even in very shallow water and keep the shrimp or the fish alive during harvest Pond bottom soil

61. Acqua & co