1. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 1 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008 23rd Meeting of Executive Committee of IEA Large Tokamak Implementing Agreement GA, San Diego, Ca., USA 3-4 June 2008 New on JET for 2008/2009 ITER-like ICRH Antenna, High Frequency Pellet Injector, enhanced diagnostic capability, and a proposal for a longer-term JET programme to end 2014 Michael Watkins Head of Programme and International Collaborations EFDA-JET Close Support Unit michael.watkins@jet.efda.org JET status for 2008/09: New capabilities, operating schedule and research focus

2. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 2 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008 JET since LTA ExCom22, Naka, 2007 Successfully completed 2007 Shutdown, including assembly and installation of enhancements (ITER-like ICRH Antenna, High Frequency Pellet Injector,.) Successfully completed 2008 Restart of operations, including first tests of ITER-like ICRH Antenna, High Frequency Pellet Injector Successfully elaborated EFDA-JET 2008 Experimental Campaigns, including preparations for ITPA High Priority Coordinated Experiments (> 30% of JET programme time in 2008) Completed (almost) Experimental Campaigns C20a&b comprising 38 S/T days (two shift operation) during Spring 2008 (7 April to 6 June 2008) Conducted R&D, procured components and buildings for enhancements for installation during 2009/10 (ITER-like Wall, NB Power Upgrade,…) Conducted Fusion Technology Tasks using the JET Facilities

3. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 3 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008 Some successes of 2007/2008 ELMs ameliorated successfully (radiative edge, external magnetic perturbations) TF Ripple studies High  N (~3) obtained for long pulse (7s) Edge control and stability of AT scenarios Material migration and fuel retention quantified Large ELMs (>0.6MJ energy drop) lead to high radiation (>50% of ELM energy drop) and low power (~10%) to outer limiter surfaces Ion temperature critical gradient length (“threshold”) determined Analysis of inward momentum pinch ITER-relevant RF and LH coupling achieved High current (3.5MA) at high delta achieved High Level Commissioning of ITER-like ICRH Antenna High Level Commissioning of High Frequency Pellet Injector Optimisation of ELM control with Resonant Magnetic Perturbations Rotation Braking Start-up and current ramps for ITER

4. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 4 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008 Elaboration of JET 2008 Experimental Programme General Planning Meeting: 19-23 November 2007 No specific Call for proposals for experiments, but open channel for new experiments maintained through Task Forces, now and during Campaigns Ideas for experiments started by being discussed in Task Force meetings Scientists who might expect to be involved in JET 2008 Campaigns invited to participate in General Planning Meeting This approach found to be more effective for all users of JET Facilities to agree on main and back-up experiments in detail Headlines for JET 2008 Experimental Programme High level commissioning and full scientific exploitation of new systems and issues that could impact on the design of ITER components Qualification of integrated operating scenarios for ITER Physics issues essential to the efficient exploitation of ITER Guidelines to focus JET 2008 Scientific Programme Heat Load and ELM Control Pedestal and L-H transition Core confinement Fuelling and Particle control Stability and control at high pressure RF power optimisation

5. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 5 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008 2008 Campaigns C20-C25: Associates’ involvement 21 Associations –337 people –70 ppy total –48 working days per person on average Contracts signed –Individual Task Descriptions –Task Agreements –Secondment Plans –Orders –(Notifications)

6. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 6 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008 Number of professionals visiting JET 3826324029 US Bilateral Agreement Time spent by visiting professionals at JET (ppd) 524 314 582 618 435 Agreement RF Bilateral US LTA US Bilateral RF Bilateral US LTA Additionally, two full-time US collaborators International collaborations: Russian Federation and US, 2003-2007 * US Bilateral and US LTA numbers are not additive, since the same professional may visit under both within a single year Total* About 4ppy, or 13% of staffing

7. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 7 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008 Number of professionals visiting JET 4 3 4 7 Korea Country Japan China International collaborations: China, Korea and Japan, 2004-2007 Time spent by professionals visiting JET (ppd) 122 139 47 135 Korea Country China Japan

8. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 8 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008 JET resources Average annual values 2000- 2006 –Days of operation63 –Cost53.8M€* –PPY (Operation)551 –PPY (Campaign) 53 (on site) + 35 (off site) * Includes personnel for operation and enhancement Original investment in and subsequent upgrades of the JET Facilities (M€ of year) 163.9 55.98 75.48 44.56 34.70 31.36 28.31 22.15 28.29 23.69 15.06 17.79 14.18 9.87 6.67 3.21 2.53 0.55 0.0 2.5 4.68 6.90 19.36 13.01 14.59 18.09 42.30 12.01 5.94 0.08

9. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 9 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008 New JET capabilities for 2008/09 New and upgraded systems –ITER-like ICRH antenna: 7MW for >5s at 42MHz with Type I ELMs (US) –ICRH with ECT: ~3MW with Type I ELMs –ICRH with 3dB couplers: ~3MW with Type I ELMs –High Frequency Pellet Injector for ELM control and deep fuelling (US) –TAE antenna (two antenna arrays) (US) –Disruption Mitigation Valve –Diagnostics: Edge LIDAR, ECE, sweeping reflectometer, fast visible camera, divertor infra-red camera, QMBs, magnetics, halo current sensors,  -ray cameras,… –Detector development: radiation hard Hall probe, CVD diamonds, Si on insulator, Cellular Non-linear Network (CMOS), activation foils,… Systems to be used more routinely –EFCC for Resonant Magnetic Perturbations for ELM control and Resonant Field Amplification for RWM studies –TF Ripple (0.08-3%) –Diagnostics: HRTS (US), Scintillator probe, Faraday cups (US), CXRS (US),…

10. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 10 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008 06/09/07... took less than 4 h! New capabilities for JET 2008: ITER-like ICRH Antenna installation High Level Commissioning on plasma started (600kW coupled in May 2008) Target capability with Type I ELMs: 7MW for 5s at 42MHz together with A2 antennae ≈ 6MW using 3dB Couplers and External Conjugate T

11. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 11 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008 High Frequency Pellet Injector for ELM control & deep fuelling Pelin Injector (Tore Supra design) toward roots group Selectors Valves Main support frame Microwave cavities Collector Turbo pumps LFS, HFS, VHFS tracks Provide deep fuelling Control Type I ELMs Size Velocity Frequency 35-70mm 3 100-500m/s < 15Hz 1-2 mm 3 50-200m/s < 40Hz High Level Commissioning on plasma about to begin (June 2008) JET Facilities: Fuelling & ELM control New for 2008: HFPI

12. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 12 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008 EP1 Enhancement project status Bolometer (KB5). Commissioning completed in 2005. Wide-angle IR producing data since 2006. Core and edge CXS producing data since 2006. Halo current sensors. Screening of cable proving effective. Tofor and MPRu. Data validation completed early 2008. Lost  Scintillator probes producing data since 2006. Disruption mitigation valve being upgraded for H/D operation. Extreme shape controller (XSC) tested on plasma in 2007. Tritium retention studies. Coated tile recovery and QMB replacement during 2007. Microwave access completed since 2006. Oblique ECE (KK5) being commissioned during campaign. High resolution Thomson scattering (new optical path independent from LIDAR, extended pulse to be tested) TAE antennas (2 nd array inserted) Magnetics (poloidal limiter and upper dump coils inserted) Lost  Faraday cups being commissioned. Closed EP1 projects EP1 projects to be closed in 2008

13. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 13 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008 Edge and core LIDAR JET only machine with LIDAR Thomson Scattering Diagnostics Edge LIDAR Core LIDAR Electron Cyclotron Emission High Resolution Thomson Scattering New capability High Resolution Thomson Scattering

14. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 14 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008 1 1 1 12 Campaign C23 Campaign C24 Campaign C25 9.515.5 16.56.5 30 1 Sep 3 Oct 6 Oct 7 Nov 10 Nov 19 Dec 2 JET 2008 Campaigns S/T Days From (2008) Scientific programme ICRH commissioning HLC / Restart contingency Campaign C20a Maintenance/Contingency Campaign C20b Campaign C21 Campaign C22 Other 1010 8.59.5 14.514.5 1116 9 25 Mar 4 Apr 7 Apr 2 May 6 May 9 May 12 May 6 Jun 9 Jun 18 Jul 21 Jul 29 Aug 102 days for scientific programme (including 30% contingency) 73 days for ITER-like ICRH Antenna commissioning To (2008)

15. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 15 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008 2000 2001 2002 2003 2006 2004 2005 Resources and associations working for JET-FT Work programme 98 tasks launched 2000-06 Total resources ~ 16.5 M€ (~3.7 M€ in 2006) SCK-CEN CEA IPP FZJ FZK MEdC UKAEA Association s VR ENEA TEKES Distribution of resources over the years JET Fusion Technology Tritium in tokamaks Tritium process and waste management Plasma facing components Engineering Neutronics and safety

16. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 16 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008 Two Experimental Campaigns separated by Intervention (January – June 2009) ITER-like Wall, NB Power Upgrade and diagnostic enhancements for longer term programme to be installed in 2009 for exploitation in 2010 Major challenge will be to accommodate up to 45MW of heating power with beryllium wall and tungsten divertor JET committed to 27 ITPA High Priority Coordinated Experiments for 2008, using more than 30% of overall run-time Reports on IEA LTA Tasks 3, 4 and 7 were initiated, coordinated and compiled by EU JET Forward Programme 2009 & 2010 IEA LTA & ITPA on JET during 2008

17. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 17 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008 TF S1:Consolidation of ITER database and reference scenarios G. Saibene (EFDA, Garching); T. Loarer (CEA, Cadarache); P. Lang (IPP, Garching); & D. Frigione TF S2:ITER Advanced Scenarios E. Joffrin (CEA, Cadarache); F. Rimini (CEA, Cadarache); V. Pericoli (ENEA, Frascati); & M. Laxåback TF M:MHD R. Koslowski (FZJ, Jülich) TF H:Heating M-L. Mayoral (UKAEA,Culham); J. Ongena (ERM/KMS, Brussels); & M. Laxåback TF E:Exhaust W. Fundamenski (UKAEA,Culham); S. Bresinsek (FZJ,Jülich); T. Eich (IPP, Garching); & M. Tsalas TF D:Diagnostics A.Murari (RFX, Padova); E. dela Luna (CIEMAT, Madrid); D. Mazon (CEA, Cadarache); B. Goncalves (IST, Portugal); & M. Tsalas TF T:Transport V. Naulin (Riso, Denmark); T. Tala (TEKES, Finland); & D. Frigione TF FT:Fusion Technology C. Grisolia (CEA, Cadarache); P. Coad (UKAEA); & N. Bekris TF DT:Deuterium-Tritium Operation K-D. Zastrow (UKAEA, Culham); & M. L. Watkins Contacts Task Force Leaders/Deputies & CSU ROs

18. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 18 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008 Topics to which JET is committed (1) ID NoProposal TitleDevices 2 JET (BU: back-up; P: parasitic; Otherwise: main) CDB-2 Confinement scaling in ELMy H-modes:  degradation AUG, DIII-D, JET, JT-60U, Tore- Supra(L), MAST, NSTX S1-2.4.12 Scaling of confinement and pedestal with  * and beta (5 ss) CDB-9 Density profiles at low collisionality and Additional Parameters JET, DIII-D, C-mod, AUG, JT-60U, TCV, Tore-Supra, MAST, NSTX No dedicated time, data analysis continuing plus parasitic observations. CDB-10 Power ratio - Hysteresis and access to H-mode with H~1 JET, DIII-D, AUG, MAST, NSTX, TCV, C-Mod, JT-60U S1-2.4.4 H=1 access: dependence on dimensionlees variables, momentum input and TF ripple (3ss) CDB-11 Scaling of the Low Density Limit to the H-mode Threshold in H & D Plasmas C-mod, JET, DIII-D, AUG, TCV Depends on possible H2 campaign in 2009 (but not in 2008) TP-3.1 Determine transport dependence on Ti/Te ratio in hybrid and steady-state scenario plasmas AUG, DIII-D, JET, JT-60U T-3.1.3 Parametric dependence of thresholds/stiffness (3 ss) T-3.1.9 (BU) Te/Ti scan in the Hybrid regime at high beta TP-4 Transport dependence of high performance operation on low external momentum input JT-60U, JET, DIII-D, AUG, TCV, FTU S1-2.4.6 ICRH & NB H-mode comparison (4ss) TP-6.3 NBI-driven momentum transport studyDIII-D, JT-60U, NSTX, MAST, AUG, JET T-3.1.4 Perturbative toroidal momentum studies (2ss) TP-7 Measure ITG/TEM line splitting and compare to codes (Experimental identification of ITG and TEM turbulence and comparison with codes) AUG, DIII-D, T-10, TEXTOR, C-Mod, JET T-3.1.3 Parametric dependence of threshold/stiffness (3ss).

19. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 19 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008 Topics to which JET is committed (2) PEP-2 Pedestal gradients in dimensionally similar discharges and their dimensionless scaling JET, DIII-D, AUG S1-2.4.9 Pedestal identity with AUG & DII-D +  *scan (5 ss) PEP-20 Documentation of the edge pedestal in advanced scenarios JET, DIII-D, AUG, JT-60U S1-2.4.10 Pedestal scaling from ELMy H-mode to AT scenario (2ss) S2-2.2.1 Effect of beta on confinement and pedestal of hybrid discharges at low and high delta (3ss) DSOL-1 Scaling of Type I ELM energy lossJET, DIII-D, AUG, JT-60U E-2.4.1 Characterisation of large/regular ELMs (2ss) DSOL-2 Injection to quantify chemical erosionTEXTOR, JET, AUG, DIII-D, JT- 60U, MAST, Tore Supra E-1.3.8 (BU) Material migration with silane tracer injection E-1.3.6 Material migration with C13 methane tracer injection (2ss). DSOL-4 Comparison of disruption energy balance in similar discharges and disruption heat flux profile characterization JET, ASDEX Upgrade, MAST, TEXTOR, FTU, C- mod, DIII-D, JT-60U M-1.3.1 Disruption studies (3ss) DSOL-5 Role of Lyman absorption in the divertorC-Mod, JET Parasitic DSOL-9 13 C injection experiments to understand C migration JET, DIII-D, TEXTOR, AUG, JT- 60U E-1.3.6 Material migration with C13 methane tracer injection (2ss) DSOL-13 Deuterium co-deposition with carbon in gaps of plasma facing components ASDEX Upgrade, TEXTOR, DIII-D, Tore-Supra, C- MOD, MAST, JET, FTU Post mortem analysis in progress DSOL-14 Multi-code, multi-machine edge modelling and code benchmarking Codes only JET, AUG, DIII-D data No experiments required. Code activity ongoing at JET

20. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 20 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008 Topics to which JET is committed (3) DSOL-17 Cross-machine comparisons of pulse-by-pulse deposition NSTX, AUG, JET To be done during E-2.4.1 Characterisation of large/regular ELMs (2ss) DSOL-19 Impurity generation mechanism and transport during ELMs for comparable ELMs across devices AUG, JET, DIII-D, C-mod, JT-60U, MAST E-2.4.1 Characterisation of large/regular ELMs (2ss) MDC-1 Disruption mitigation by massive gas jets See DSOL-11 DIII-D, Tore Supra, JET, C-Mod, TEXTOR, AUG, MAST, FTU E-1.3.4 Disruption Mitigation by Massive Gas Injection using the DMV (2ss) MDC-2 Joint experiments on resistive wall mode physicsDIII-D, JET, NSTX, JT-60U, MAST, TEXTOR M-2.2.1 Identify hybrid scenario beta limit, 2/1 NTM or RWM (2ss) S2-2.3.1 Assessment of beta limit in AT scenatios (6ss) MDC-5 Comparison of sawtooth control methods for neoclassical tearing mode suppression AUG, DIII-D, JET, NSTX, TCV, HL2A, C-Mod, FTU, JT- 60U, Tore Supra, MAST M-2.4.2 Role of SWT peiod in NTM triggering (3ss) M-2.4.1 Identify SWT control mechanism (1ss) MDC-10 Measurement of damping rate of intermediate toroidal mode number Alfvén Eigenmodes JET, C-Mod, MAST, AUG, JT-60U, NSTX M-3.3.2 Determine stability of medium-n Alfven Eigenmodes (2ss) MDC-11 Fast ion losses and Redistribution from Localized Aes JET, DIII-D, JT-60U, NSTX, MAST, AUG, C-Mod M-3.3.1 Compare fast particle losses for various scenarios (2ss) M-3.3.3 Identify and document main fast ion loss mechanisms (2ss) MDC-12 Non-resonant Magnetic BrakingJET, DIII-D, C-Mod, NSTX, TEXTOR, MAST This will be executed as part of the following experiments: S2-2.3.1 Beta limit assessment in AT scenarios (6ss) == S2-2.3.3 Development of SS scenario at high  N H98,th~1.5 (7ss) M-3.1.1 (P) Magnetic braking in H-mode scenario MDC-13 Vertical Stability Physics and performance limits in Tokamaks with highly elongated plasmas DIII-D, C-Mod,JET, NSTX, AUG S1-2.4.8 PCU-XSC vertical stability tests and ITER ramp down work (2ss)

21. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 21 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008 SSO-1 Document performance boundaries for steady state target q-profile JET, AUG, DIII-D, JT-60U, C-mod S2-2.3.1 Assessment of beta limit in AT scenarios (6ss) SSO-2.1 Qualifying hybrid scenario at ITER-relevant parameters JET, JT-60U, DIII-D, AUG, C-mod S2-2.3.1 Assessment of beta limit in AT scenarios (6ss) === S2-2.2.2 Exploration of the q profile in the hybrid scenario (5ss) SSO-2.2 MHD in hybrid scenarios and effects on q-profileAUG, JET, DIII-D, JT-60U, NSTX, C- mod S2-2.2.2 Exploration of the q profile in the hybrid scenario (5ss) SSO-2.3 ρ* dependence on confinement and stability in hybrid scenarios DIII-D, JET, AUG, JT-60U, C-mod S2-2.2.1 Effect of beta in confinement and pedestal of hybrid discharges at low and high delta (3ss) SSO- PEP-1 Documentation of the edge pedestal in advanced scenarios AUG, JET, DIII-D, JT-60U S1-2.4.10 Pedestal scaling from ELMy H-mode to AT scenario (2ss) SSO-5 Simulation and validation of ITER startup to achieve advanced scenarios JET, DIII-D, AUG, JT-60U, C-Mod, EAST, Tore Supra, FTU S1-2.4.2 Design and Document viable ITER ramp up scenario(s) for inductive scenario and hybrid (2ss) DIAG-2 First mirror activity in T-10, TEXTOR, DIII-D, LHD, JET, ASDEX Upgrade, HL-2A, and Aditya T-10, TEXTOR, LHD, JET, DIII-D, TCV, AUG, LHD, HL-2A, Aditya, Tore Supra, FTU Mirrors extracted and now under analysis. Topics to which JET is committed (4)

22. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 22 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008

23. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 23 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008 ID NoProposal TitleDevices JET (BU: back-up; P: parasitic; Otherwise: main) CDB-8  * scaling along an ITER relevant path at both high and low beta JET, DIII-D, C-mod, AUG, NSTX, JT- 60U S1-2.4.13 Gyro radius scaling along ITER relevant path (BU)) CDB-12 H-mode Transition and Confinement Dependence on Ionic Species DIII-D, AUG, JET, JT-60U Depends on possible H campaign in 2009 (not in 2008) TP-5 QH/QDB plasma studies DIII-D, JT-60U, JET, AUG, MAST Not in programme TP-6.1 Scaling of spontaneous rotation with no external momentum input CMOD, DIII-D, JET, JT-60U, TCV, MAST, NSTX, AUG, EAST, FTU, TEXTOR, T-10 JET will do part b (empirical scaling studies) while the similarity part is very unlikely to be performed H-3.1.1 (BU) Intrinsic rotation database T-3.1.6 (BU) Er profiles during ITBs with low momentum input TP-8.3 JT-60U/JET ITB Similarity ExperimentJET, JT-60U S2-2.3.6 (BU) JT60/JET ITB identity experiment PEP-1+3 Dimensionless identity experiments in JT-60U and JET: studies of ripple effects and rotation JET, JT-60U No dedicated time. PEP-6 Pedestal Structure and ELM stability in DN (MAST, NSTX and AUG) AUG, MAST, NSTX, JET Not in programme PEP-13 Comparison of small ELM regimes in JT-60U and AUG and JET AUG, JT-60U, JET, C-Mod No experiments planned. PEP-18 Comparison of Rotation Effects on Type I ELMing H-mode in JT-60U and DIII-D JT-60U, DIII-D, JET No dedicated time Topics to which JET did not commit (1)

24. 23 rd IEA LTA ExCom MeetingM. L. Watkins 24 (21)GA, San Diego, USA 3-4 June 2008 DSOL-3 Scaling of radial transportC-mod,,MAST, DIII-D,JET Not in programme DSOL-15 Inter-machine comparison of blob characteristicsC-Mod, PISCES, TEXTOR, VTF, NSTX, TJ-II, JET, TCV, HT-7, Tore- Supra, AUG, JT- 60U, DIII-D, MAST To be done during ELM characterisation experiments, including gap scan. Back-up experiment DSOL-16 Determination of the poloidal fueling profileJET, JT-60U, DIII-D, AUG, MAST, C- Mod No dedicated time. Possible parasitic observations E-2.4.3 Poloidal fuelling profile during L-mode (BU) MDC-8 Current drive prevention/stabilisation of NTMsJET, AUG, JT-60U, DIII-D, FTU, TEXTOR M-2.4.3 (BU) Real Time SWT control MDC-14 Rotation effects on neoclassical tearing modesC-Mod, JET, AUG, DIII-D, MAST, NSTX, JT-60U No dedicated time but data will be likely available for analysis SSO-3 Modulation of actuators to qualify real-time profile control methods for hybrid and steady state scenarios JET, Tore-Supra, AUG, DIII-D, JT- 60U, HT-7, C-mod Not in programme SSO-6 Ability to obtain and predict off-axis NBCDJET, DIII-D, AUG, JT-60U, MAST Not in programme DIAG-3 Resolving the discrepancy between ECE and TS at high Te JET, JT-60U, ASDEX-UG, DIII-D, FTU, TCV and TFTR (using old data), Tore Supra D -1.5.12 (BU) Te discrepancy studies ( LIDAR/ECE ) Topics to which JET did not commit (2)