1. Steven Gollmer Cedarville University Env. Systems: Page 1 HON-3230 Chance, Emergence or Design Origin of Ecological Environments

2. Steven Gollmer Cedarville University Env. Systems: Page 2 Classification System Kingdom (Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia) Phylum (Chordata) Class (Mammalia) Order (Proboscidea) Family (Elephantidae) Genus (Loxodonta) Species (africana)

3. Steven Gollmer Cedarville University Env. Systems: Page 3 Natural Selection More offspring produced than those that survive to reproductive age. Heritable variation exists among members of each species. Best adapted to get resources most likely to produce progeny. Each species becomes well adapted to reproducing in its environment. Change in environment may select for other features. Isolated populations diverge when placed under different selective pressures.

4. Steven Gollmer Cedarville University Env. Systems: Page 4 Common Ancestry

5. Steven Gollmer Cedarville University Env. Systems: Page 5 Discontinuity Actual Punctuated Equilibrium Darwinian Evolution

6. Steven Gollmer Cedarville University Env. Systems: Page 6 Geological Column Cenozoic –Quarternary (2.5 M) Large Mammals –Tertiary (65 M) First primates Mesozoic –Cretaceous (145 M) Flowering plants –Jurassic (210 M) Dinosaurs –Triassic (250 M) First mammals

7. Steven Gollmer Cedarville University Env. Systems: Page 7 Geological Column Paleozoic –Permian (290 M) Reptiles, large insects –Carboniferous (365 M) Large amphibians, coal forests –Devonian (415 M) First forests and amphibians –Silurian (465 M) First land plants –Ordovician (510 M) First vertebrates –Cambrian (575 M) Marine shelled invertebrates

8. Steven Gollmer Cedarville University Env. Systems: Page 8 Cambrian Explosion

9. Steven Gollmer Cedarville University Env. Systems: Page 9 Mass Extinctions Early Cambrian (Marine invertebrates) Late Ordovician (Fish) Late Devonian (Amphibians) Permo-Triassic (End of trilobites) Late Triassic (Initiated rise of dinosaurs) Cretaceous-Tertiary (Dinosaur extinction) Holocene (Humans)

10. Steven Gollmer Cedarville University Env. Systems: Page 10 Biodiversity # Species (1.5 - 1.8 M) –Est. 3.6 – 100 M –Species rate 1 per million years –1/2 plants & animals extinct by 2100 Mass extinction –Biodiversity destroyed –Disaster species fill habitable spaces –Lazarus species reappear –Evolve to full, original variety

11. Steven Gollmer Cedarville University Env. Systems: Page 11 Separation by a Global Flood Motility Buoyancy Ecological Zonation

12. Steven Gollmer Cedarville University Env. Systems: Page 12 Origins by Ariel Roth Missing LinksSedimentary Deposits

13. Steven Gollmer Cedarville University Env. Systems: Page 13 Evolutionary Evidence Homology –Structural –Biochemical Embryology Fossil Record Darwin Finches

14. Steven Gollmer Cedarville University Env. Systems: Page 14 Rapid Phenotypic Change Hopeful Monster –Rapid evolutionary change in geological scales. Punctuated equilibrium –Eldredge & Gould Evo-Devo –Developmental-genetic toolkit –Hox genes –Endless Forms Most Beautiful, S. Carroll