1. Do Now From class last week. Without the use of your notes 1. Write down the number of bones in the body. 2. Tendons connect what? 3. Name the three bones that make up the forearm? Answers: 1. 206 (ish) some people have an extra or one less bone in the their “tailbone.” 2. Tendons connect muscle to bone. Tendonitis (anything itis means inflammation of (aka swelling)). Humerous, ulnar & radius

2. Homework Homework from last week was – Read pages 922-927 1. You must write a short summary (aka notes!) for each section (Skeleton, Bones, Joints,….) 2. Identify & define each word in bold. For example: Axial Skeleton. Pull that out now For tonight – complete the skeletal worksheet

3. Article about Pests A pest known as the Western Corn Root Worm seems to be developing a resistance to a variety of GMO (Genetically Modified Organism aka GE) designed to kill them off. This is grace concern to farmers since it is the most popular variety of corn and it was designed to eliminate spraying of the corn crop to protect it from the pest. Farmers will likely resume spraying which raises concerns for many.

4. The purpose As often as possible, we will be writing short summaries and working on a short research paper. The idea is to read an article (or material from the text) and put into your own words in a shorter fashion.

5. New Material For example what is this a picture of? Forearm with a fracture. What is the difference between a fracture and a broken bone? Nothing. Fracture is the proper term. Where is the fracture? What bones are involved? Radius & Ulnar (radius is the bone on your thumb side)

6. New Material Axial Skeleton – maintains the central axis (line) of the body. The Appendicular Skeleton – the bones of the arms, legs & pelvis. The skeleton’s purpose is to give the body structure, protect the body’s internal organs (heart, lungs, brain), assist in movement, stores minerals as well as blood formation (primarily in the long bones such as humerus and femur). Why / how do people need bone marrow?

7. New Material Bone marrow is the center of the bone where white & red blood cells are made. The bones also serve as levers. Think of a board placed under a rock with a fulcrum (another rock) used to leverage the rock out. For example. Here are examples of the body’s lever system. Write each down. The W = weight, the F = Fulcrum, P = Power

8. New Material Bones – the outer (rigid) layer of the bone is known as the periosteum. The channels within the bones that allow blood and nerves to run through are known as Haversian Canals. Spongy bones is not as dense and is found at the end of long bones (like the femur). Also found in flat bones (clavicle – collar bone), short bones like in the wrist or feet.

9. New Material Again, within the middle of the bone is bone Marrow. There are two types of bone Marrow: 1. Yellow – the yellow contains fat cells which is why it is yellowish. 2. Red – the red is stem cells that produce red blood cells. This is what they want for bone Marrow transfers. The idea is to allow the new red blood Marrow to replace the cancer ridden Marrow. They typically kill the bone Marrow with chemo- therapy and then bone Marrow donation.

10. New Material Cartilage is the soft cushion between bones Cartilage does NOT contain blood vessels. It relies on the surrounding tissue for the blood supply. This is partly why when people have a knee injury it can be difficult because the doctor will remove the torn cartilage which means there is less cartilage for protection / cushion.

11. New Material Cartilage eventually will form (most but not all) hard bone in a process called ossification. Osteoblasts – cells that start off as cartilage and will eventually form bone known as osteocytes. These osteocytes keep the minerals flowing and continue to strengthen the bone.

12. New Material Bone grow from the middle out. The end of the bones contain the softer cartilage to protect the bones (acting as cushions) and allowing for greater movement. The growth plate is the end of the bones. Around 18 these epiphyseal plates will eventually harden. This is why when punch walls and break bones, doctors are concerned if the fracture will interrupt the growth plate. If interrupted then growth stops. Not good if a young child.

13. New Material When a person breaks a bone, the bone repairs itself because the bone never stops regenerating. People with osteoporosis which is a weakening of the bone. More common in women. Often the bone becomes brittle enough that they fall and cause a break.