1. Unit20 lesson3 Scientific Breakthroughs

2. Do you know him and his discoveries?

3. Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

4. Do you know the major discoveries of the scientists in the pictures?

5. Try to match the discoveries or inventions with the pictures.

6. penicillin the first computer other galaxies E = mc2 Albert Einstein Edwin Hubble Alexander Fleming John William Mauchly & J. Presper Eckert

7. Albert Einstein was considered the greatest scientist of the 20th century and one of the greatest of all time. His greatest discovery is the creation of his famous Theory of Relativity. Albert Einstein

8. He also discovered famous mathematical statement E=mc 2 (energy equals mass times the speed of light squared). This statement or formula explained that a great amount of energy could come from a small piece of matter.

9. American astronomer. His most important discovery was made in the 1920s. In the late 19 th century, Hubble’s study leads to the most important astronomical discovery of the twentieth century -- the expanding universe. Edwin Hubble

10. And he proved that nebulae ( 星云 ) were galaxies themselves. Astronomers now agree that far distant galaxies do exist. To honor him, the first telescope was named after him.

11. Hubble space telescope

12. Today reflecting telescopes are till widely used by amatuer and professionals astronomers for the same purpose as they have been used for centuries - to study the sky. Although today the principles of the reflecting telescope remain the same the applications are far more advanced Light enters the telescope and strikes a concave primary mirror, which acts like a lens to focus the light. The bigger the mirror, the better the image.

13. Scottish biochemist February 14, 1929 --- Fleming Discovers Penicillin. Sir Alexander Fleming was a young bacteriologist when an accidental discovery led to one of the great developments of modern medicine. Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)

14. John William Mauchly was an American physicist who, along with his student J. Presper Eckert designed ENIAC, the first commercial computer made in the United States. John William Mauchly (1907.8.30 – 1980.1.8) J. Presper Eckert

15. The first computer in the world

16. Try to match the discoveries with how they were discovered? 1. E = mc 2 2. penicillin 3. the first computer 4. other galaxies a. Scientists worked together as a team b. There was a lucky accident c. A scientist did research for many years d. A scientist was inspired

17. Read the text and check your guesses from Exercise 2. Read to learn

18. 1. Einstein was at work when he thought of the equation “E=mc 2 ”. This outspoken young man was rocking his one- year-old baby when he was suddenly inspired. “E=mc 2 ”was born. Careful Reading F Are these statements true or false according to the text or is there no information?

19. 2. Einstein participated in the program that developed the nuclear bomb. 3. Einstein observed changes in time, size and mass. Einstein then showed in his “theory of relativity” that not even time, mass or length are constant ---they change according to our experience of them. NI F

20. 4. Hubble studied the universe for over twenty years. He began the long, slow process of exploring our galaxy. 5. Hubble discovered that our galaxy is bigger than we thought it was. He discovered small areas of mist which were in fact galaxies like own, millions of light years …than had previously been thought. NI

21. 6. Fleming had been studying bacteria in his laboratory when the discovery happened. He left for holiday. When he returned, he found it. F

22. 7. There was a blue mould around the bacteria in the dish. He double-checked and saw a blue mould in the dish around which the bacteria had been destroyed. 8. Fleming developed the process for making penicillin. He said: “Nature made it, and he found it.” T F

23. 9. The first computer project failed to meet its original goal. The US navy wanted to improve the accuracy of their missiles. But they only finished after the war in 1946. 10. The first computer was extremely difficult to program. NI T

24. 11. The scientists who discovered microwaves invented microwave ovens. We have Percy Spencer to thank. This inventor, with 120 patents to his name, discovered microwaves when he was experimenting with Radars and noticed a chocolate melting in his pockets. T

25. 12. Today, it is possible to donate your heart to hospital when you die. Medical advances ranged from discovering the causes of diseases under microscopes to surgical procedures replacing diseases organs with donated ones. T

26. Vocabulary: Compound Words Match the categories (a-e) with the examples from the text (1-5). Then add examples of your own. 1. breakthrough; outcome 2. CD player; jet engine a) compound noun (noun + noun) b) compound noun (verb + preposition)

27. c) compound noun adjective + noun d) compound verb e) compound adjective 3. mass-produce; double-check 4. one-year-old; world-famous; far-reaching 5. flying machine; nuclear bomb

28. Language Points 1. think over v. 仔细考虑, 重新考虑 Let me think it over. Before you decide to do something important you must think it over. 2. come to v. 达到, 继承, 复苏, 停止 想起, 共计

29. The fainting victim came to. 昏倒的受害者恢复了意识。 His earnings come to 3000 yuan a month. 他的月收入为 3000 元。 come to a decision 做出决定 His plan came to nothing. 他的计划完全落空了。

30. 3. be aware of v. 知道 I was not aware of the fire. 我没有意识到火。 We were quite aware (of) how you would respond to our terms. 我们十分清楚你们对我们提出的条 件肯定会有什么反应。

31. 5. in fact 事实上 She doesn’t like him much — in fact I think she hates him! 她不很喜欢他 ; 事实上, 我认为她恨他 ! I said it was Tuesday, but in fact it was Monday. 我说那天是星期二, 实际上是星期一。

32. 6. out of the ordinary 不平常的, 非凡的 ; 例外的 All of my students like the little boy, but John is out of the ordinary. I go out to have lunch every day, but today is out of the ordinary.

33. 7. turn to 转向, 变成, 求助于, 开始行动 The baby fell down. He turned to his mother for help. to turn love to hate 转爱为恨 8. turn on 开启, 变得兴奋, 开始 turn on the radio 打开录音机 turn the gun on sb. 把枪对准某人 turn on sb. 对某人发火

34. 9. go out 出去, 熄灭, 过时 What a pleasant weather. Why not go out for a walk? 天气多好啊, 为什么不出去散散步 ? July went out with rain. 七月随着雨水过去了。 Short skirts went out some time ago. 短裙不久以前才不流行了。

35. 10. make contributions to 贡献 These scientists made great contributions to our society. The invention of the electricity made great contributions to all of us.

36. 11. Albert Einstein was aware of recent developments, such as Marie Curie’s research, but he had been working on his own. had been doing 过去完成进行时

37. 过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开 始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。 例如 : It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.

38. 12. It measured 100 feet long by over 10 feet high and weighed over 30 tons. measure 有 …... 的尺寸 The room measures five meters across. 这房间有五米宽。 The boat measures twenty feet long. 这 船计二十英尺。