1. By Balaji Prabhakar, Katherine N. Dektar, Deborah M. Gordon Presented by Anusha Reddy Guntakandla Net Id: agunta2 April 9, 2015

2. Outline Introduction Methods Results Conclusion References

3. Introduction Ants are one of the social insects that use local interactions to regulate colony behavior They operate without any central control but their collective behavior arises from local interactions among individuals The authors presented a stochastic model for the process of regulation of foraging activity in harvester ant colonies.

4. These ants forages for seeds that are scattered by wind and flooding and a single ant can retrieve a seed on its own. The model uses an algorithm based on local interactions among individuals in the form of brief antennal contacts, without spatial information such as in pheromone trails.

5. The intensity of foraging activity is regulated from moment to moment, and from day to day, to adjust foraging activity to current food availability, and also maintaining sufficient numbers of ants foraging to compete with neighbors of foraging activity. Regulation of foraging activity depends on the feedback from returning foragers. Forager return rate correspond to food availability, because foragers almost always continues to search until they find a seed, then bring it back to the nest

6. Interactions between returning and outgoing foragers that take place in a a narrow tunnel, i.e. 5- 10 cm long, that leads to a deeper chamber. Authors observe that returning foragers drop their seeds in the tunnel, and then other ants pick up the seeds and take them deeper into the nest Experiments show how quickly an outgoing forager leaves for next trip depends on interactions with returning foragers.

7. Foraging activity is closely regulated when foraging rates are high, above a baseline rate at which foragers leave independently of rate of forager return Authors compared simulations using the model with new data, from field experiments.

8. Method Measures of harvester ant foraging activity Experiments manipulating foraging return rate were performed Rates of returning and outgoing foragers along the trail were measured from video film using an image analysis system Most colonies use more than one foraging direction on a given day All the trails were filmed and combined foraging were used for all trails

9. Returning foragers were collected and removed from the foraging trail and thus prevented it from returning to nest for (4-7)min of a 20min observation. Foraging rates were calculated separately before(0-240 sec), during (240-430 sec), and after (500-1100sec)

10. Results Model of the regulation of foraging activity The data from the period before removal of returning foragers is used to determine the distribution of intervals between the arrival of foragers to the nest. Authors found that the return of foragers to the nest can be described as a Poisson process as the distribution of the intervals between returning foragers is exponential

12. Authors began with simple linear model in which the rate of outgoing foragers x(t) is defined as: 1) λ(t) = λ ac f(t,τ) 2) x(t) = Poisson (λ b )+Poisson (λ (t)) Where λ b is baseline rate of outgoing foragers, λ ac sets the no. of outgoing foragers per returning forager and f(t,τ) is no, of returning foragers between times (t-τ) and t

13. The most important parameter in this linear model for predicting rate of outgoing foragers is τ. The model operates in discrete time. Authors denote ‘α’, as rate of outgoing foragers and c >0 as increase in ‘α’ for each food-bearing returning forager q >0 is the decrease in ‘α’ when each forager leaves the nest.

14. Alpha decays by amount d >0 during each time slot. Alpha has a lower bound, α Authors assume that arrivals occur at the beginning and departures at end of timeslots. A n as number of returning food-bearing foragers in nth timeslot and D n denotes number of outgoing foragers leaving the nest

15. D n was set equal Poisson random variable of mean α n. Where α n is rate at which ants leave the nest in nth timeslot and α n ≥α ≥0 Α n id described by: 3) α n = max (α n-1 −qD n-1 +cA n −d, α), α 0 = 0 4) D n ~ Poisson (α n )

16. Comparison of model and data Comparison of simulated output of the model with data from field experiments on the response of outgoing foragers to a range of rates of returning foragers. The data of rate of forager return is used to generate the simulated rate of outgoing foragers which is matched with observed rate of outgoing foragers by adjusting one parameter. Authors examined fit between model and data for one parameter, c.

18. Examined whether correlation between rates of returning and outgoing foragers was atleast as high as in the simulation as in the data. The correlation coefficients for the observed rate of returning foragers and the simulated rate of outgoing foragers are higher than those for the observed rate of returning foragers with the observed rate of outgoing foragers. The correlation coefficient with the observed rate of returning foragers increased significantly with foraging rate for the simulated rate of outgoing foragers but does not increase significantly for the observed rate of outgoing foragers.

20. Conclusion Authors presented a simple stochastic model of the regulation of foraging by harvester ant colonies which does not use pheromone trails to specific locations. The feedback-based algorithm estimates the effect of each returning forager on the rate at which foragers leave the nest. The model shows how the regulation of ant colony foraging can operate without spatial information, describing a process at the level of individual ants that predicts the overall foraging activity of the colony

21. References Sumpter DJT, Pratt SC (2003) A modelling framework for understanding social insect foraging. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 53: 131–144. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC37672 82/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC37672 82/ Gordon DM, Holmes S, Nacu S (2008) The short-term regulation of foraging inharvester ants. Behav Ecol 19: 217–222. doi: 10.1093/beheco/arm125 Gordon DM, Guetz A, Greene MJ, Holmes S (2011) Colony variation in the collective regulation of foraging by harvester ants. Behav Ecol 22: 429–435. doi: 10.1093/beheco/arq218

22. Questions..??

23. Thank you