1. FINGERPRINTING FORENSIC SCIENCE 15-1 Crystal Violet Red Fluorescent Inked Courtesy of C. Fanning

2. HISTORY OF FINGERPRINTING 15-2 The first systematic attempt at personal identification was devised by a French police expert, Alphonse Bertillion. The Bertillion system relied on a detailed description of the subject, combined with full length and profile photographs and a system of precise body measurements called anthropometry. In 1892 Francis Galton published his classic textbook Finger Prints. At Galton’s insistence, the British government adopted fingerprinting as a supplement to the Bertillion system. The next step was the creation of classification systems capable of filing many thousands of prints in a logical and searchable sequence.

3. FRANCIS GALTON (1822-1911) “Father of Fingerprinting” Developed fingerprinting as a way to uniquely identify individuals.

4. HISTORY OF FINGERPRINTING 15-4 Dr Juan Vucetich devised a classification system still used in most Spanish-speaking countries, while Sir Edward Henry devised another classification system used in most English-speaking countries. In 1903, when the Bertillion system could not distinguish between two men (one Will West and the other William West), it was fingerprinting that clearly distinguished them. After the Will West incident, the use of fingerprinting by the New York City Civil Service Commission in 1901, and the training of American police by Scotland Yard representatives at the 1904 World’s Fair, fingerprinting began to be used in earnest in all major U.S. cities.

5. FINGERPRINT PRINCIPLES 15-5 Fingerprints are a reproduction of friction skin ridges found on the palm side of the fingers and thumbs. The basic principles underlying the use of fingerprints in criminal investigations are that: 1. A fingerprint is an individual characteristic because no two fingers have yet been found to possess identical ridge characteristics 2. A fingerprint will remain unchanged during an individual’s lifetime; and 3. Fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified. Mathematically, the probability for the existence of two identical fingerprint patterns in the world’s population is extremely small. Besides theoretical calculations, of the millions upon millions of individuals who have had their prints classified, no two fingerprints have been found to be identical.

6. PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINTS First Principle: A fingerprint is an individual characteristic; no two fingers have yet been found to posses identical ridge characteristics. bsapp.com

7. PRINCIPLE ONE - MINUTIAE 15-7 The individuality of a fingerprint is not determined by its general shape or pattern, but by the careful study of its ridge characteristics, known as minutiae. It is the identity, number, and relative location of these minutiae that imparts individuality to a fingerprint. There are as many as 150 minutiae on the average finger. After a three year study, it was determined that “no valid basis exists for requiring a predetermined minimum number of friction ridge characters which must be present in two impressions in order to establish positive identification.” In a judicial proceeding, an expert must demonstrate a point-by-point comparison in order to prove the identity of an individual.

8. PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINTS Second Principle: A fingerprint will remain unchanged during an individual's lifetime. bsapp.com

9. JOHN DILLINGER bsapp.com

10. Fingerprint Identification When minutiae on two different prints match, these are called points of similarity or points of identification. At this point there is no international standard for the number of points of identification required for a match between two fingerprints. However, the United Kingdom requires a minimum sixteen points while Australia requires twelve. Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) http://www.fdle.state.fl.us/CrimeLab/images/fingerrint%20comparison%20for%20afis.jpg AFIS is a computerized system capable of reading, classifying, matching, and storing fingerprints for criminal justice agencies. Quality latent fingerprints are entered into the AFIS for a search for possible matches against the state maintained databases for fingerprint records to help establish the identity of unknown deceased persons or suspects in a criminal case.

11. PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINTS Third Principle: Fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified. bsapp.com

12. Ridgeology: The study of the uniqueness of friction ridge structures and their use for personal identification. 1 1 Introduction to Basic Ridgeology by David Ashbaugh, May 1999 Image from http://www.cs.usyd.edu.au/~irena/minutia.gif The koala is one of the few mammals (other than primates) that has fingerprints. In fact, koala fingerprints are remarkably similar to human fingerprints; even with an electron microscope, it can be quite difficult to distinguish between the two. As we have learned in our first lesson, a fingerprint is made of a series of ridges and valleys on the surface of the finger. The uniqueness of a fingerprint can be determined by the pattern of ridges and valleys as well as the minutiae points, which are points where the ridge structure changes.

13. Ridge Characteristics Use these characteristics as points of identification when comparing fingerprint samples. The more points you can find in common, the better the match!

14. http://cnx.org/content/m12574/latest/properties.jpg Ridge Characteristics Crossover Core Bifurcation (fork) Ridge ending Island Delta Pore Scar

15. PRINCIPLE TWO 15- 15 The epidermis is the outer layer of the skin, while the dermis is the inner layer of the skin.

16. PRINCIPLE TWO 15- 16 The dermal papillae is the layer of cells between the epidermis and dermis, that is responsible for determining the form and pattern of the ridges on the surface of the skin. Once the dermal papillae develop in the human fetus, the ridge patterns will remain unchanged throughout life except to enlarge during growth. Each skin ridge is populated with pores leading to sweat glands from which perspiration is deposited on the skin. Once the finger touches a surface, perspiration, along with oils that may have been picked up by touching the hairy portions of the body, is transferred onto that surface, leaving the finger’s ridge pattern (a fingerprint).

17. FINGERPRINT CLASSES There are 3 specific classes for all fingerprints based upon their visual pattern: arches, loops, and whorls. Each group is divided into smaller groups as seen in the lists below. Arch Plain arch Tented arch Loop Radial Loop Ulnar loop Whorl Plain whorl Central pocket whorl Double loop whorl Accidentical

18. INTERESTING INFO Did you know? Dactyloscopy is the study of fingerprint identification. Police investigators are experts in collecting “dactylograms”, otherwise known as fingerprints. Fingerprint Factoid: 60% of people have loops, 35% have whorls, and 5% have arches

19. PRINCIPLE THREE – LOOPS 15- 19 All fingerprints are divided into three classes on the basis of their general pattern: loops, arches, and whorls (L.A.W.). A loop must have one or more ridges entering from one side of the print, recurving, and exiting from the same side. If the loop opens toward the little finger, it is called an ulnar loop. If the loop opens toward the thumb, it is called a radial loop. All loops must have one delta, which is the ridge point at or directly in front of the point where two ridge lines (type lines) diverge.

20. LOOPS Loops must have one delta and one or more ridges that enter and leave on the same side. These patterns are named for their positions related to the radius and ulna bones. Delta Ulnar Loop (Right Thumb) Loop opens toward right or the ulna bone. Radial Loop (Right Thumb) Loop opens toward the left or the radial bone. NOTE: On the left hand, a loop that opens to the left would be an ulnar loop, while one that opens to the right would be a radial loop.

21. WHORLS Whorls have at least one ridge that makes (or tends to make) a complete circuit. They also have at least two deltas. If a print has more than two deltas, it is most likely an accidental. Draw a line between the two deltas in the plain and central pocket whorls. If some of the curved ridges touch the line, it is a plain whorl. If none of the center core touches the line, it is a central pocket whorl. Plain Whorl Central Pocket Whorl

22. WHORLS – PART 2 Accidental Whorl Accidental whorls contain two or more patterns (not including the plain arch), or does not clearly fall under any of the other categories. Double Loop Whorl Double loop whorls are made up of any two loops combined into one print. Delta

23. PRINCIPLE THREE - WHORLS 15- 23 Whorls are divided into four groups: plain, central pocket loop, double loop, and accidental. All whorl patterns have type lines and a minimum of two deltas.

24. ARCHES Arches are the simplest type of fingerprints that are formed by ridges that enter on one side of the print and exit on the other. No deltas are present. Plain Arch Ridges enter on one side and exit on the other side. Tented Arches Similar to the plain arch, but has a spike in the center. Spike or “tent”

25. PRINCIPLE THREE- ARCHES 15- 25 Arches, the least common of the three general patterns, are divided into two distinct groups: plain arches and tented arches. The plain arch is formed by ridges entering from one side of the print, rising and falling, and exiting on the opposite side (like a wave). The tented arch is similar to the plain arch except that instead of rising smoothly at the center, there is a sharp upthrust or spike, or the ridges meet at an angle that is less than 90 degrees. Arches do not have type lines, deltas, or cores.

26. AFIS COMPUTERIZED FINGERPRINTS 15- 26 The heart of AFIS technology is the ability of a computer to scan and digitally encode fingerprints so that they can be subject to high-speed computer processing. AFIS aids in classifying and retrieving fingerprints by converting the image of a fingerprint into digital minutiae that contain data showing ridges at their points of termination (ridge endings) and their branching into two ridges (bifurcations).

27. AFIS COMPUTERIZED FINGERPRINTS 15- 27 When the search is complete (a computer can make thousands of comparisons per second), the computer produces a list of file prints that must be examined by a trained fingerprint expert. Once the finger touches a surface, body perspiration and/or oils present on the finger ridges are transferred to that surface, leaving an impression. Prints deposited in this manner are invisible to the eye and are commonly referred to as latent or invisible fingerprints. Visible prints are made when fingers touch a surface after the ridges have been in contact with a colored material such as blood, paint, grease, or ink. Crystal Violet Inked

28. VISIBLE PRINTS 15- 28 Plastic prints are ridge impressions left on a soft material, such as putty, wax, soap, or dust. Locating visible or plastic prints at the crime scene normally presents little problem to the investigator, because these prints are usually distinct and visible to the eye. Latent prints deposited on hard and nonabsorbent surfaces (e.g., glass, mirror, tile, and painted wood) are preferably developed by the application of a powder; whereas prints on porous surfaces (e.g., papers, cardboard, and cloth) generally require treatment with a chemical. Examiners use various chemical methods to visualize latent prints on porous surfaces, such as iodine fuming, ninhydrin, and Physical Developer.

29. DEVELOPING LATENT PRINTS 15- 29 Super Glue® fuming develops latent prints on nonporous surfaces, such as metals, electrical tape, leather, and plastic bags. Development occurs when fumes from the glue adhere to the print, usually producing a white latent print. A devise called the Reflected Ultraviolet Imaging System (RUVIS) can aid in the detecting of latent fingerprints, without chemicals or powder. Once located, the crime scene investigator can develop the print in the most appropriate fashion. Powders, available in a variety of colors, can be applied with a brush or magnetic wand, and adhere to perspiration and/or body oils of the print.

30. DETECTING PRINTS 15- 30 Iodine fuming involves heating iodine crystals that cause vapors which combine with latent prints to make them visible. Iodine prints are not permanent and will fade, making it necessary to photograph the prints immediately. Ninhydrin reacts chemically with trace amounts of amino acids present in latent prints to produce a purple-blue color. Physical Developer is a silver nitrate-based reagent used to develop prints when other chemical methods are ineffective.

31. DETECTING PRINTS WITH SUPER GLUE 15- 31 Super Glue® is approximately 98 to 99 percent cyanoacrylate ester, a chemical that actually interacts with and visualizes a latent fingerprint. Very dangerous to breath. Super Glue fuming can be accomplished by using either a fuming chamber (for up to six hours) or a handheld wand that heats a small cartridge containing cyanoacrylate.

32. DETECTING PRINTS WITH FLUORESCENCE 15- 32 The high sensitivity of fluorescence serves as the underlying principle of many of the new chemical techniques used to visualize latent fingerprints. Fingerprints are treated with chemicals that would induce fluorescence when exposed to lasers, or high-intensity light sources (“alternate light sources”) such as quartz halogen, xenon arc, or indium arc light sources. Once the latent print has been visualized, it must be permanently preserved for future comparison and for possible use as court evidence. A photograph must be taken before any further attempts at preservation are made.

33. TRANSPORTING LATENT FINGERPRINTS 15- 33 If the object is small enough to be transported without destroying the print, it should be preserved in its entirety. Prints on large immovable objects that have been developed with a powder can best be preserved by “lifting” with a broad adhesive tape. Then, the tape is placed on a properly labeled card that provides a good background contrast with the powder.

34. DIGITAL IMAGING 15- 34 Digital imaging is the process by which a picture is converted into a digital computer file. With the help of digital imaging software, fingerprints, which are often not in perfect condition, can now be enhanced for the most accurate and comprehensive analysis. An important and useful tool, especially for fingerprint identification, is the compare function that places two images side by side and allows the examiner to chart the common features on both images simultaneously.

35. http://www.dkfz.de/tbi/projects/bmcv/images/iu_it246_04s_fingerprint1.jpg How many ridge characteristics can you identify in this fingerprint?

36. IDENTIFY EACH FINGERPRINT PATTERN. Right Hand Left Hand Right Hand

37. It’s time to make some prints! Avoid Partial Prints GOOD PRINT Get as much of the top part of your finger as possible!

38. DIRECTIONS 1 st – Roll the “pad” portion of your thumb over the ink pad from the left side of your thumb to the right. You do not have to push down really hard! 2 nd – Roll the “pad” portion of your thumb from the left side of your thumb to the right in the correct box on your paper to make a thumbprint. 3 rd – Continue this process to make a fingerprint of all ten fingers on the “My Prints” worksheet. 4 th –Use your notes and a magnifying lens to help you figure out what type of pattern is found in each of your fingerprints. Label each one with the pattern’s name.