1. The Hidden Beauty of Bubble Chambers

2. Activity 1: What do you see? What questions would you like answered about this picture?

3. What is particle physics?particle physics Particle physics is the study of the fundamental building blocks of nature and the forces they exert on each other. A typical fixed target experiment consists of taking particles from a machine called an accelerator, colliding them with atomic nuclei in a target, and measuring what comes out in a machine called a detector.

4. What is a Bubble Chamber?Bubble Chamber The bubble chamber was both a target and a detector, and played a crucial role in particle physics for about 40 years.

5. How do bubble chambers work?work A tank full of liquid hydrogen contains proton targets Charged particles travelling through matter lose energy by ionizing atoms. In the bubble chamber, the energy imparted to electrons by charged particles travelling through creates trails of bubbles along the paths of the charged particles. These trails can be photographed, providing a permanent record of where the charged particles went.

6. Activity 2: If the target is a proton, what is the charge of the incoming beam particle?

7. All the tracks are curving in the same direction in the magnetic field. Since one of the outgoing tracks is made by the struck proton, the beam particle must also be positive.

8. Knock on electrons Electrons spiral because they are much lighter than all other charged particles and lose energy quickly by another process called bremsstrahlung.bremsstrahlung

9. Slow moving protons Low energy protons leave short, thick tracks

10. How would you use this picture to teach students to apply charge conservation?

11. Activity 3: Apply your knowledge Analyze the next photographs to determine the charge of each particle that made a track in the interaction.

13. Summary points for teaching charge conservation

14. Activity 4: For the interaction, which track is least curved? A C B

15. Activity 4: What property did the particle that made track A have that caused this track to be the least curved? A C B

16. Relating Radius to Momentum It is harder to curve a high momentum projectile than a low momentum one. p α r Full derivation

17. What would we have to measure to determine if momentum was conserved in this collision? A C B

18. Measuring Radius Using a Transparency Overlay

19. Look from the end to match the appropriate radius

20. Establish an axis and measure the relevant angles

21. Calculations for checking if momentum is conserved

22. For collisions that appear to not conserve momentum Momentum may appear not to be conserved. For example, tracks that appear to be straight may actually be curving into or out of the plane of the photograph. Another possibility is that a neutral particle, that does not leave tracks, was produced and escaped undetected.

23. Exercises in Pattern Recognition

24. A) Electrons spiralling due to bremsstrahlung B) The Compton effect C) Pair production D→E) Positron-electron collision P →Q) Annihilation More information

25. Pair production Questions: 1)Find a Compton electron 2) Find an example of pair production Compton electron 3) Find examples of bremsstrahlung Link to Bubble Chamber Website

26. ATLAS and Bubble Chamber ATLAS data compared with bubble chamber picture

27. Bubble Chamber Art

28. Background Information CERN High School Teachers’ Bubble Chamber Website Suggested reading: 1.Introduction to the BC site 2.What is particle physics? 3.How does a bubble chamber work? 4.How does one “read” bubble chamber pictures? A step-by-step tutorial (Advice on key sections to read.)Advice on key sections to read.

29. Key sections to read from How does one “read” bubble chamber pictures?How does one “read” bubble chamber pictures For activities involving only charge and momentum conservation, you need only read: steps 1-6; and from step 7 you just need to know that electrons spiral due to a process called bremsstrahlung, and that slow protons often leave short, dark tracks; steps 8 and 9 can be skipped; as can step 10 except for 3 exercises (with solutions) at the end: These are stand alone exercises appropriate for a workshop.bremsstrahlung

30. Summary points for teaching charge conservation 1.The beams are made of particles of a specific charge. 2. We assume the liquid in the bubble chamber is hydrogen; so the collision is always with a proton. 3.The direction that charges move can be determined by using knock on electrons and slow protons. 4.A magnetic field will curve the trajectory of charged particles. 5.Charge is conserved in bubble chamber interactions. Return to presentation

31. Relating Radius to Momentum Return to presentation