1. Links to Policy Activities Marine Fisheries Protection of other species / biodiversity Coastal zone management Emissions / CO 2 Policies

2. Marine fisheries Many policy challenges Value of scientific information depends on effectiveness of governance institutions  Information can be a two-edged sword How can we create and maintain effective management institutions? How can we ensure that better science promotes better management?

3. Marine Fisheries: Issues and Trends Growing demand for fish Increasingly sophisticated technology/gear Race for fish fueled by common pool nature of resource & government subsidies  Intense harvesting pressure – Economic and biological damage  High levels of bycatch and discards  Illegal, unregulated, unreported (IUU) fishing  Excess capacity  Ecologically damaging practices

4. International Fisheries Law United Nations Law of Sea Convention (1982)  200 mile EEZs United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (in force: 2001)  Strengthened management of straddling and high seas fish stocks – fosters creation of Regional Fishery Management Organizations FAO Compliance Agreement (in force: 2003)  Established flag-state responsibilities / vessels fishing on the high seas

5. Growth of World Fisheries Growing demand and improved technology Rapid growth in marine harvests until late 1980s Recently - Explosive growth of aquaculture – mixed trends for capture fisheries

6. Uncertain Accounting: World Capture Fisheries Under-reporting of catch is widespread China’s socialist system rewarded over-reporting – Illusion of growing World catch. Chinese statistics so unreliable that FAO now reports them separately

7. Source: Marine Resources Assessment Group (MRAG), 2005. IUU Fishing on the High Seas: Impacts on Ecosystems and Future Science Needs.

8. Global fish landings – 1950-1999: estimated breakdown Source: Pauly et al., 2002. Nature

9. Excess harvesting capacity Dissipates economic value of fisheries. Difficult to estimate - shifting technology & nationality National subsidies ≈ 25% catch value Capacity reduction programs since early 1990s

10. Depletion of highly valued / traditional stocks, followed by the targeting of other less valuable species. In the Northwest Atlantic invertebrate catches have increased and those of demersal fish have declined. Fishing down the Food Web: A recurring pattern

11. International Fishery Cooperation The “Tragedy of the Commons” occurs when valuable resources are left open to unfettered competition. The “tragedy” doesn’t always happen – Cooperation can prevent depletion and make all resource users better off Cooperation sometimes falls apart Research focus: Dynamics of competition /cooperation & roles of information & institutional design

12. Climate, Information and Cooperation Bargaining positions are not stable  They can shift dramatically in response to natural changes in stock productivity or migration path Uncertainty matters  Misperceptions of opportunities & consequences o  Disagreements over facts

13. Game models & shared fisheries Stochastic Split-Stream Model: The value of good science may be squandered if fisheries are competitive – especially if the target species are long-lived, slow growing and less fecund In precisely those cases, better science greatly increases the payoffs from cooperation Provision of improved information should be closely linked to the design and operation of cooperative management institutions

14. Relevant Projects / Activities Policy RFMO, other international, and national efforts to develop effective management regimes Research / Academic CLIOTOP Working Group 5 (Socioeconomic Impacts and Management Strategies) Other GLOBEC Programs World Fish Center – focus on climate change impacts on developing nation fisheries IIFET (International Institute for Fisheries Economics and Trade) – Rebuilding Fisheries in an Uncertain Environment

15. Focus areas Evolution of harvesting efforts Development and functioning of international fishery management organizations. Activities Multidisciplinary: “Workshop on Climate, Uncertainty, and Multilateral Management of Harvested Highly-Migratory Marine Fish Stocks.” Summer 2007