1. Part I: Why the Jews? Part II: Why Germany? Why Hitler?

2. Part I: Why the Jews? Four Stages: 1. Pagan Erac.a. 2000BC-c.a. AD 50 2. Early Christianityca. AD 100-500 3. Middle Agesca. AD 500-1500 4. 18-19 th CenturiesAD 1700-1900

3. Pagan Era  Jews introduce monotheism into a polytheistic world. Claim to be God’s Chosen People stirs resentment (others make the same claim)  Jews become defined as the “Other,” a peculiar people Incident of Roman Gen. Pompey entering temple in Jerusalem to see the Jews’ god

4. Early Christianity  Jesus a “Trouble maker”  For Romans and Jewish leaders  Jesus’ crucifixion (Matthew 27: 23-25)  Jews as Christ killers  Christians as God’s’ new Chosen People  Replacement theology

5. Early Christianity  “God’s plan” for history  Jews conversion to Christianity a signal of Christ’s second coming Jews assigned role of being obstacles to the final perfection  Rome sacked by Germanic “barbarians” -Where was God’s’ protection?

6. Middle Ages Christianity defines and shapes new European world 1. Those who pray (Pope, Bishops) 2. Those who fight (Knights, nobles) 3. Those who work Jews excluded by law from mainstream society -Cannot own land or participate in honorable professionals - Said to be in a league with the devil and the powers of evil

7. Middle Ages  Church decrees that loaning money at interest (usury) is a mortal sin -Allows Jews (who are already damned in the church’s view) to mamke loans to Christians - Jews become resented as money-lenders

8. Middle Ages Persecution of the Jews worsens after AD 1000 -Jews slaughtered in the first Crusade (AD 1096) - Charged with ritual murder of Christian boys - “Blood Libel” – first charge in England in 1144 -Charged with host desecration, well posioning, etc.

9. Middle Ages Persecution of the Jews worsens after AD 1000 -Jews are required to wear the Star of David, to stay inside during Lent, and to abide by other restrictions - Jews are slaughtered by the thousands across Europe in pogroms, mob attacks, and through public torture, burnings, and executions

10. Middle Ages Persecution of the Jews worsens after AD 1000 -Passion plays transmit hatred of Jews - Blamed for spread of Bubonic plague

11. Middle Ages Expulsion of Jews from Western Europe 1290: England 1306: France 1348: Switzerland 1300s-1400s: German states 1400s-1500s: Italian states

12. Middle Ages  Creation of Jewish ghettoes in European cities Venice Rome Frankfurt

13. Middle Ages  Protestant Reformation and the Jews  Martin Luther, On the Jews and their Lies (1543) “First, their synagogues or churches should be set on fire… Secondly, their homes should likewise be broken down and destroyed… They ought to be put under one rood or in a stable like gypsies… Thirdly, they should be deprived of their prayer books… Fourthly, their rabbis must be forbidden under threat of death to teach anymore.”

14. 18 th and 19 th Centuries: Dual Legacy of Hope and Threat (Enlightenment) Emancipation of movements of peasants, slaves, women, and Jews Assimilation of Jews into 19 th century German society -Entry into business world (Industrial Revolution) -Entry into German cultural world (art, music, etc) -Entry into professions of medicine, law, and journalism -High rate of intermarriage between Jewish and Gentile Germans

15. 18 th and 19 th Centuries : Dual Legacy of Hope and Threat A safe harbor for Jews in Germany? -George Mosse: Toward the Final Solution: A history of European Racism If in 1900, an educated, politically sophisticated European had been told that in this new century one of these European countries was going to do something terrible to the Jews, that person would most likely have said, ‘Ah yes! These French will do anything.’ Or ‘These Russians will do anything.’ -Jewish rabbis fear disappearance of Jews as a people

16. 18 th and 19 th Centuries: Dual Legacy of Hope and Threat  The Threat of the 19 th Century: The Birth of Modern Racism - Arthur de Hobineau: “Father of Modern Racism” wrote an essay on the Origins of Inequality in the Human Races (1854) -Superior and inferior races; Jews as inferior and destructive people - Race as a biological concept

17. 18 th and 19 th Centuries: Dual Legacy of Hope and Threat The Threat of the 19 th Century: The Birth of Social Darwinism - Darwin’s concepts in On the Origin of Species (1859) of “survival of the fittest” and “natural selection” applied to nations and races -Social Darwinism especially popular in Germany, England, and the U.S. -1879: term: “anti-semitism” introduced

18. 18 th and 19 th Centuries: Dual of Hope and Threat The Threat of the 19 th Century: Winism + Modern Racism = a scientific basis for hatred Goals: -breed a superior race - Root out “inferior stock” - Solve social problems (crime, poverty, disease) Calls for selective breeding, sterilization, etc. Birth of a new science: EUGENICS (“good breeding”)