1. Announcements Homework #8 assigned today 4/19/10): FRET, Nerves Due next Monday, 4/26/10 (Last one). Wednesday, 4/21/10: Quiz on reading from ECB, Nerves. This Friday, 4/23/10: email your final topic verbal and oral presentation. Include both a write-up and PDF of the research paper. It must be on a totally different topic (technique and biology) than mid-term presentation. I will get back to you by Monday 4/26/10. Final Paper: due evening May 5 th. Final presentation—need two days (3 meetings): Monday May 3 rd, Wednesday May 5 th, night of Wednesday May 5 th., 5pm (okay?) (Pizza included.) Mid-term paper comments back today (Finally). Final Lectures: W, April 21 st ; M April 26 th ; W April 28 th

2. how many different ion channels? Ans:25-30,000 genes: 5000-6,000 genes. One or more polypeptide/ion channel– could get less, or more, ion channels.

3. Ion Channels 0 mV (Outside) -60 to -100 mV (Inside) closed (polarized) 0 mV (Inside) open (depolarized)

4. Valium binds to serotonin (ligand) receptor called GABA receptor– relaxes nerves.

7. Action Potential– Nerves Firing http://www.biologymad.com/NervousSystem/nerveimpulses.htm

8. To close ion channels, to stop wave: 4. Na + spontaneously close 5. K + open  brings membrane potential back down negative.

9. Gradient set-up by Na/K Transporters [will go over]

10. V>0 or <0? What causes charge to stop flowing? Membrane permeant to Na + Membrane permeant to K + Membrane permeant to only one ion What is voltage (electrical potential) in each case Given that V ~ -60mV and Na/K are two major ions, which is your membranes permeant to? K+K+ Just a tiny amount of charge causes potential, much less than 15 mM or 150 mM. A sufficiently large force (electrical potential) preventing more ions from going.

11. What is Boltzmann’s Factor?: exp(E out -E in /kT) Let  = voltage Energy outside? = q  out Zexp(-E i /kT) Probability of being inside/outside? = 0 Energy inside? = q  in e e -

12. q = ? For Na + ? -59 mV If permeant to only K +, resting potential = +59 mV if permeable only to Na +

13. http://www.biologymad.com/NervousSystem/nerveimpulses.htm

15. Is the Ion Channel Digital or Analog?

17. Charged amino acids (largely in the voltage sensor) move.

18. K+ S5 S6 S4 S3 S2 S1

19. Suggests model where 2 states that differ in energy by qV Where q is about 13e, or 13e/4 per S1-S4 sub-unit; V= -80mV. q is part of channel—gating current, not ionic current!

20. How does gate spontaneously shut-off? How fast?

21. Nerve Impulse propagate, not spread, because Na + spontaneously shut-off.

22. Point mutation in Potassium Gene that affects Potassium Channel

23. Class evaluation 1.What was the most interesting thing you learned in class today? 2. What are you confused about? 3. Related to today’s subject, what would you like to know more about? 4. Any helpful comments. Answer, and turn in at the end of class.