1. Engineering Engineer -> μηχανικος Engineering ?-> μηχανικη ?? (College of Engineering -> ???) Engineers create: -design and build machines, structures -analyze the function of engineering products Engineering research

2. Engineering Mechanics Mechanics is a chapter of Physics Engineering Mechanics employs mechanics to design and build Engineering Mechanics: Solid Mechanics Fluid Mechanics Dynamics and Vibrations

3. Fluid Mechanics Bernoulli’s equation: Analytical methods Computational methods Experiments (facilities and instrumentation)

4. PIV Raw Data (Particle Image Velocimetry)  Separation of phases based on size  Cross correlation based PIV used to measure velocity of flow  Particle tracking used to measure Particle and Bubble velocities

5. Flotation processes are part of multi-billion industrial activities (mining etc.)

6. Non-drained, nearly spherical bubbles at the interface Well-drained foam with polyhedral bubbles Well-drained, with very thin lamellae and coagulation Drainage of fluid Upflow of bubbles Foam column

7. Sneak Preview of Our Time-Resolved DPIV System Image acquisition with enhanced time resolution: 1- 10KHz Image Pre-Processing and Enhancement to Increase signal quality and perform image segmentation Novel Velocity Evaluation Methodology with accuracy better than 0.05 pixels and space resolution on the order of 4 pixels

8. A coherent light source is used to illuminate the area of interest in the flow Very small particles serve as tracers of the motion of the fluid by scattering the light A Digital CCD Camera is used to collect the scattered light for a sequence of consecutive images Image processing of the acquired images results to a velocity distribution of the flow field Qualitative and Quantitative Flow Visualization

9. Image Pre-Processing Image Calibration Remove background noise Dynamic Local Thresholds Sharpening Smoothing Edge Detection Erosion Determine the centroid with sub- pixel accuracy Gaussian Center of Gravity Before After

10. Fluid Mechanics of the Heart Flexible/compliant walls- fluid structure interaction Time resolved, unsteady measurements PIV measurements at 5 planes parallel to the axis of the ventricle 1 KHz sampling frequency 400 micron vector grid spacing 1 Hz heart rate

12. Vortex Formation Downstream a SJM Bi-leaflet Mechanical Heart Valve

13. Aerodynamics Το Αεροδρομιο (aerodrome) Langley’s airplane (Sharp leading edges) Professor Langley was the director of the Smithsonian institute in the late 1800’s

14. Airfoil Aerodynamics Attached versus separated flow Wake pressure is very low But Bernoulli effect is stronger

15. The Wright Brothers Machine Wings designed after careful experimentation

16. The Wright Brothers Wind Tunnel They tested wing sections to optimize their shape

17. VA Tech Stability Wind Tunnel

18. Facilities and models –Stability Wind Tunnel with U ∞ =40 m/s Re≈10 6 –44” span trapezoidal wing –Pressure taps –Seven-Hole Probes –New: 3-D Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)

19. Flow animation for Treftz planes

20. Trefftz Planes,  =13°, Re=10 6 Axial velocityVorticity

21. Trefftz Planes at Stability,  =21°, Re=10 6

22. Pressure Distributions along the span

23. Pressure profiles; Re=10 6 y/s=0.335