1. CSE 598/494 – Mobile Computing Systems and Applications Class 13:Location Management Sandeep K. S. Gupta School of Computing and Informatics Arizona State University

2. Agenda Location management Managing the mobile phone connectivity to the cell tower during user mobility 2

3. Location Management (Ch2) Fundamental ideas: Mobile hosts (MH) are served by base stations (BS) (also called access points (AP) Mobile hosts can roam about the network Mobile hosts (or other parties) must locate mobile hosts to communicate with them Involves finding the base station currently serving the mobile host Search operation When a mobile host moves, must let the system know where it is Update operation (also called registration) Must allow mobile hosts to switch between base stations to support roaming Handoff operation

4. Location Information MH will be served by one BS at a time BS coverage is one cell Location information can be maintained at various granularities One cell—requires MH to update location every time it moves from one cell to another  Tradeoff: more accurate location info vs. a large number of updates, which may overwhelm the system Cell group—organize cells into groups, only update when leaving current group  Tradeoff: less accurate location info, which will require paging every BS in the group, fewer updates, so less load on the system

5. Tradeoffs There will be always be tradeoffs between cost of search and update operations More updates == more accurate location info == less cost for search Fewer updates == less accurate location info == more cost for search

6. Handoff Handoffs between BSs are required to support roaming There isn’t necessarily a one-to-one correspondence between handoffs and updates Issues: When to handoff? Selecting a new BS Allocation of resources such as channels Informing old BS so that packets destined for MH can be forwarded

7. Handoff (2) Mobile controlled handoff vs. Network controlled handoff Handoff may be necessary because: Mobile host is moving Current BS is overloaded Quality of communication with current BS is poor

8. Handoff (3) Choosing a new BS: Based on signal strength Base on predicted movement of MH Based on resources available at BS

9. Location Registrars Location Registrars (LR) are databases containing location information for MHs Can be one or many To get the idea, consider a system with only one LR, a Home Location Registrar Location is maintained at single-cell granularity

10. Single LR Scheme: Switching ON

11. Single LR Scheme: Handoff

12. Single LR Scheme: Search

13. Single LR Scheme: Search Failure

14. Enhancements to Single LR Scheme Can add a timestamp and time-to-live to registration information TTL (not same as residence time of node in cell)  Helps in constraining the search cost  Search diameters = max speed x ttl Related to concept of soft-state  Hard-state – explicit revocation of “state”  Soft-state – implicit revocation of “state”  Makes the system more fault-tolerant – adaptive to changes in system If time-to-live expires, then location for mobile host is assumed out of date Can expand the search to neighboring cells when attempting to locate a MH

15. Registration Area-Based Location Management Registration area == a group of cells; update only when crossing a registration area boundary

16. Properties of RA based approach Advantages Reduces update cost Bounds the search cost (number of cells queried)  Search is restricted to an RA Makes LM more scalable  By reducing nos of regs to be processed by the HLr Makes LM more manageable (as compared to per-user LM schemes) Issues: Granularity of RA (how to configure system into multiple RAs)  Same size (homogeneous) or different size (in terms cells)?  Optimization problem: how to partition the cells into RAs taking into account call+mobility pattern so as to optimize “LM cost”.

17. Other Optimizations Movement-based update (non-RA based) Update location when MH crosses a specified number of cell boundaries Distance-based update (non-RA based) Update location when MH moves a specified distance away from the last point of update Time/Movement/Distance-based schemes are per- mobile user based schemes. In contrast to these, RA based scheme looks at aggregate mobility and call patterns. Forwarding pointers When maintaining multiple location registrars, use a chain of forward pointers to track the MH Replication of location registrars Flat Hierarchical

18. Flat Replication

19. Hierarchical Replication Non-leaf nodes cache all info in attached subtrees