1. Threshold Concepts in Construction Law: Prevention & Extension in Construction Contracts Brodie McAdam University of Salford http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com

2. Prevention & Extension in construction contracts Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.comhttp://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com

3. What are we talking about & why? We are focussing on the common law which underpins, and informs extension of time clauses, and liquidated damages provisions Quite a tricky area, because, to understand it fully involves juggling a number of different legal concepts As for why to bother, understanding the underlying issues may assist with practical aspects of administering contracts, and of arguing points if matters become contested. Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.comhttp://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com

4. Why Problematic? Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.comhttp://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com Common law Contract terms Breach of contract Damages Implication of terms Prevention Extension of time Liquidated damages Causation Time at large Conditions precedent Concurrency

5. Time Just like any other obligation Failure to complete on time: breach of contract Consequences? Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.comhttp://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com

6. Consequences of Breach Usually damages with continuing obligation to complete work Damages? Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.comhttp://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com

7. Damages Loss which the employer can prove as a result of the breach… Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.comhttp://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com

8. Liquidated Damages General damages troublesome to prove Solution – liquidated damages Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.comhttp://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com

9. So far so good but… What about prevention and/or extension? Coming to that now… Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.comhttp://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com

10. What about if… Contractor supposed to complete building by 1 May LDs set at £10,000 per day late. –Contractor uses substandard glazing units which are only discovered at the last minute, and so the building finishes a week late; or –Unexpectedly hard frost bursts pipes in water system during commissioning, and so the building finishes a week late; or –Employer decides on different anti-glare glazing with a longer lead time, and so the building finishes a week late Does the contractor pay the £70k LDs? Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.comhttp://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com

11. Um… Substandard glazing – likely breach of contractor’s obligations causes delay – LDs payable. Bad weather – not the Contractor’s fault, but at common law the contractor’s risk – LDs could be payable, though many standard form contracts make weather a “neutral” event (time but no money) Different glazing – contractor blameless. Employer’s responsibility… Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.comhttp://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com

12. Prevention Employer has prevented the contractor from meeting the completion date. Would be unjust to hold the contractor to that completion date so... That completion date falls away and if there’s no contractual method to set a new date then time will become “at large”. Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.comhttp://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com

13. At large Just means that the contractor has a reasonable time to complete the work. (N.B. this is what is implied by common law and statute if there is no express agreement as to completion date) Establishing a “reasonable time” is a length of string calculation and preferably avoided by employers The solution… Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.comhttp://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com

14. Extension of time clause This permits the completion date to be moved on if the employer has delayed progress. This therefore preserves LDs, since the contractor is not required to pay damages for the period during which they were prevented from completing by the employer. Extension of time provisions tend to cover much more than what amounts specifically to common law prevention. Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.comhttp://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com

15. Why now? Two specific issues exercising the courts involving prevention and extension: –Condition precedent requirements –Whether it is permitted to “apportion” under JCT Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.comhttp://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com

16. Condition Precedent Issue Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.comhttp://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com Yes, you can have an extension of time for my acts of prevention, so long as you give me proper notice... Possible problem – back door way to get the contractor liable for employer delay. Some Australian case law to suggest that such provisions may oust the completion date However, so far, in England and Wales the argument hasn’t worked, e.g: Steria Ltd v Sigma Wireless Communications Ltd [2007] EWHC 3454

17. Concurrent Delay/Apportionment Issue relates to where you have two (or more) causes of delay, each of which could be causing the delay (i.e. are concurrent), and one is an employer risk, and another is a contractor risk. Should the contractor get the extension of time? English authority says “yes” Scots (not binding in England) says “no” Cases: –Boot v Malmaison (1999) 70 Con LR 32 –City Inn v Shepherd [2010] ScotCS CSIH 68 –De Beers v Atos [2010] EWHC 3276 Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.comhttp://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com

18. Recap and Conclusion Brodie McAdam http://www.salfordconstructionlaw.comhttp://www.salfordconstructionlaw.com