1. Education & Training Levels in Health Care & Human Services

2. Short-term On-The-Job Training Home Health Aides Nonfarm animal caretakers Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants Pharmacy aides Physical therapist aides Veterinary assistants Laboratory animal caretakers A worker can achieve an average level of performance within a few days or weeks through training on-the- job.

3. Moderate-Term On-The-Job Training Ambulance drivers & attendants (except EMT) Animal Trainers Dental Assistants Medical Assistants Ophthalmic lab technicians Pharmacy technicians Social & human service service assistants Job can be performed adequately after a period of 1 to 12 months of combined on-the-job and informal training. Observe experienced workers and follow their tasks

4. Long-Term On-The-Job Training Dental laboratory technicians Medical appliance technicians Opticians, dispensing Requires more than 12 months of on-the-job training or combined work experience and formal classroom instruction. The group may use formal apprenticeships for training workers that may take up to 4 years.

5. Postsecondary Vocational Training Emergency medical technicians & paramedics Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses Massage therapists Medical secretaries Medical transcriptionists Surgical technologists Requires formal preparation that can vary from training that involves a few months to usually less than 1 year. In some instances, there may be as many as 4 years of training.

6. Associate Degree Usually require 2 years of full-time academic work beyond high school. Biological technicians Cardiovascular technologists & technicians Dental hygienists Diagnostic medical sonographers Forensic science technicians Medical and clinical laboratory techs Nuclear medicine techs Human Services Generalists Occupational therapist assistants Physical therapist assistants Radiations therapists Radiologic tech Registered nurses Respiratory therapists Veterinary technologists & technicians Recreational/Art/Movement /Music Therapist

7. Bachelor’s Degree Usually require 4-5 years of full-time academic work beyond high school. Athletic trainers Biomedical engineers Dietitians and nutritionists Industrial safety and health engineers Medical and clinical laboratory technologists Human Services Generalists Social worker Medical and public health social workers Orthotists and prosthetists Physician assistants Recreational therapists Bachelor’s level psychologist

8. Master’s Degree Usually require 1-2 years of full-time study beyond a bachelor’s or degree Audiologists Environmental scientists and specialists, including health Epidemiologists Mental health counselors Occupational health and safety specialists Occupational therapists Physical therapists Rehabilitation counselors Speech-language pathologists Social Worker (MSW) Counselor Master’s level psychologist

9. Doctoral Degree Usually require 5-7 years of full-time academic work beyond the bachelor’s degree, including at least one year of internship. More recently…. Physical Therapists Social Worker (D.S.W. or Ph.D. Clinical Psychologist Counseling Psychologist (Psy.D or Ed.D or ABD.)

10. Work Experience PLUS Degree Requires some experience in related non-managerial position in addition to bachelor’s or master’s degree Medical manager Health services manager

11. First Professional Degree Usually require 2,3 or more years of full-time study beyond a bachelor’s or degree. Include clinical training & physicians require an internship. Chiropractors Dentists, general Family and general practitioners Obstetricians & gynecologists Optometrists Pediatricians, general pharmacistsPodiatristsPsychiatristsSurgeonsVeterinarians