1. V.SHAJI SDE ( Computer & e-Campus ) RTTC/Trivandrum.9446450450
IP v6 Address basics

2. IPv6 Address Syntax
For IPv6, the 128-bit address is used and is divided along 16-bit boundaries.
Each 16-bit block is converted to a 4-digit hexadecimal number and separated by colons.
The resulting representation is called colon hexadecimal.
The following is an IPv6 address in binary form:

3. The 128-bit address is divided along 16-bit boundaries:
Each 16-bit block is converted to hexadecimal and delimited with colons. The result is the following:
2001:0db8:0000:2f3b:02aa:00ff:ff28:9c5a

4. IPv6 Address Notation
Any leading zeros in a group may be omitted; thus, the given example becomes
2001:db8:85a3:0:0:8a2e:370:7334
(2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 )

5. IPv6 Address Notation
One or any number of consecutive groups of 0 value may be replaced with two colons (::)
2001:db8:85a3::8a2e:370:7334
(2001:db8:85a3:0:0:8a2e:370:7334)
This substitution with double-colon may be performed only once in an address, because multiple occurrences would lead to ambiguity.

6. IPv6 Address Notation
The illegal address notation 2001::FFD3::57ab, could represent
2001:0:0:0:0:FFD3:0:57ab 2001:0:0:0:FFD3:0:0:57ab 2001:0:0:FFD3:0:0:0:57ab & 2001:0:FFD3:0:0:0:0:57ab

7. IPv6 Address Notation The addresses below are all valid and equivalent
2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:1428:57ab 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000::1428:57ab 2001:0db8:0:0:0:0:1428:57ab 2001:0db8:0:0::1428:57ab 2001:0db8::1428:57ab 2001:db8::1428:57ab

8. IPv6 Address Notation
Networks are written in CIDR notation: a network is denoted by the first address in the network and the size in bits of the prefix, separated by a slash "/".
For example, the network written 2001:0db8:1234::/48 starts at address 2001:0db8:1234:0000:0000:0000:0000: and ends at 2001:0db8:1234:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff

9. IPv6 Address parts
IPv6 addresses are typically composed of two logical parts:
64-bit network prefix, and
64-bit host part, which is either automatically generated from the interface's MAC address or assigned sequentially.
IPV6 Address = network prefix + host part

10. Types of IPv6 Addresses
Unicast: A unicast address identifies a single interface within the scope of the type of address. The scope of an address is the region of the IPv6 network over which the address is unique. With the appropriate unicast routing topology, packets addressed to a unicast address are delivered to a single interface.
Multicast
A multicast address identifies zero or more interfaces on the same or different hosts. With the appropriate multicast routing topology, packets addressed to a multicast address are delivered to all interfaces identified by the address.
3. Anycast
An anycast address identifies multiple interfaces. With the appropriate unicast routing topology, packets addressed to an anycast address are delivered to a single interface—may be the nearest interface that is identified by the address.

11. IPv6 Address types: Unicast
NTP
HTTP
HTTP
NTP
Out of the three only unicast address are source address & the other two viz anycast and multicast are destination addresses
Host
The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a protocol for synchronizing the clocks of computer systems over packet-switched data networks.

12. IPv6 Address types: Anycast
3 Hops away
4 Hops away
NTP
Example:
NTP Servers use the same anycast addresses.
Anycast takes shortest link to NTP server.
HTTP
HTTP
NTP
Out of the three only unicast address are source address & the other two viz anycast and multicast are destination addresses
Host
Host

13. IPv6 Address types: Multicast
NTP
Video
Video
NTP
Out of the three only unicast address are source address & the other two viz anycast and multicast are destination addresses
Host
Host

14. IPv6 Unicast Addresses IPv6 unicast addresses are:
Global unicast addresses
Link-local addresses
Site-local addresses
Unique local addresses
Special addresses
Transition addresses

15. 1.Global Unicast Addresses
IPv6 global addresses are equivalent to public IPv4 addresses. They are globally routable and reachable on the IPv6 Internet.
8(000 to 1111)*2^45 combinations , for global unicast 001 is reserved for GUA , here 1*2^45 global routable NW prefix. 111 is for Link Local , site local Address ,ULA, Multicast etc address.

16. The fields in the global unicast address
Fixed portion set to 001: The three high-order bits are set to 001.
Global Routing Prefix : Indicates the global routing prefix for a specific organization’s site. The combination of the three fixed bits and the 45-bit Global Routing Prefix is used to create a 48-bit site prefix, which is assigned to an individual site of an organization.
Subnet ID : The Subnet ID is used within an organization’s site to identify subnets within its site. The size of this field is 16 bits.
Interface ID : Indicates the interface on a specific subnet within the site. The size of this field is 64 bits.
An example :DB8:4D1C:221A::/64
The first bit of 2001 may be 3 also since 001x represent the first 4 bits and since 001 is fixed the combinations are 0010 (2) and 0011(3) . In the coming type of address also indicate the first address .In site local address FEC0/10 , here C may be D , E, or F also..

17. 2.Link-Local Addresses
IPv6 link-local addresses, identified by the initial 10 bits being set to and the next 54 bits set to 0, are used by nodes when communicating with neighbouring nodes on the same link.
IPv6 link-local addresses are similar to IPv4 link-local addresses /16 (APIPA) in Windows

18. 2.Link-Local Addresses
Link-local addresses always begin with FE80 with the 64-bit interface identifier.
(FE80 = )
The prefix for link-local addresses is always FE80::/64.
An IPv6 router never forwards link-local traffic beyond the link.
Remaining bits other than 10 bits in the 64 are also fixed as 0 ‘s

19. 3. Site-Local Addresses
Site-local addresses, identified by setting the first 10 bits to , are equivalent to the IPv4 private address space ( /8, /12, and /16).

20. 3. Site-Local Addresses
Unlike link-local addresses, site-local addresses are not automatically configured and must be assigned either through stateless or stateful address autoconfiguration.
The first 10 bits are always fixed for site-local addresses, beginning with FEC0::/10 ( ). After the fixed bits is a 54-bit Subnet ID field that provides bits with which you can create subnets within your organization.
Here 10 bits are fixed as in link local but in link local 54 bits sets as 0s .Here the 54 bits acts as subnets & according to the convenient of NW administrator , it can be fixed. FEC0/10 means only FEC (10 bits) fixed and can be FED,FEEand FEF also and 0 can be 0,1..F bcz 0 represents 4 digits
Unlike link local , this can be used for different subnets of a company. That is why /10 is fixed instead of /64

21. 3. Site-Local Addresses
Site-local addresses are not reachable from other sites, and routers must not forward * site-local traffic outside the site. Site-local addresses can be used in addition to global addresses.
Site-local addresses have been formally deprecated.
* IPV6 Enabled routers know this , like IPV4 pvt Ips are not routed out

22. 4. Unique Local Addresses
Site-local addresses provide a private addressing alternative to global addresses for intranet traffic. However, because the site-local address prefix can be reused to address multiple sites within an organization, a site-local address prefix can be duplicated.
To replace site-local addresses with a new type of address is introduced called ULA , that is private to an organization yet unique across all the sites of the organization
The first 7 bits have the fixed binary value of
Eg : somany customer of bsnl may use the same site local address since they are unknowing each other. Now if bsnl wants to implement VPN among them definintly they hav to change the IPs as in the case of IPV4. If they are using ULA , no such problem will come. ULA is provided centrally by IANA and hence no ovrlapping.

23. 4. Unique Local Addresses
All ULA have the address prefix FC00::/7 ( ). The Local (L) flag(8th bit) is set 1 to indicate that the prefix is locally assigned. The L flag value set to 0 is not defined in RFC 3879.
Therefore, ULA within an organization with the L flag set to 1 have the address prefix of FD00::/8. ( ).
L – local indicate that it is for the local routing within an organisation may among the organisation or between organisations for VPN and not for internet. When L=0 it can be roted like public IP. It is

24. 5.Special IPv6 Addresses 1. Unspecified address
The unspecified address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or ::) is used only to indicate the absence of an address.
It is equivalent to the IPv4 unspecified address of
The unspecified address is typically used as a source address when a unique address has not yet been determined.
The unspecified address is never assigned to an interface or used as a destination address.

25. 5.Special IPv6 Addresses 2. Loopback address
The loopback address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1) is assigned to a loopback interface, enabling a node to send packets to itself.
It is equivalent to the IPv4 loopback address of

26. 6. Transition Addresses
To aid in the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 and the coexistence of both types of hosts, the following addresses are defined:
IPv4-compatible address
IPv4-mapped address
6to4 address
ISATAP address
Teredo address
The first three are not used

27. ISATAP/Teredo
ISATAP (Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol) adapter encapsulates IPv6 packets by using an IPv4 header.
This functionality enables the client to transport IPv6 traffic over an IPv4 infrastructure.
Teredo, also known as IPv4 NAT traversal for IPv6 , provides unicast IPv6 connectivity across the IPv4 Internet.
Teredo provides address assignment and host-to-host automatic tunneling for unicast IPv6 connectivity across the IPv4 Internet when IPv6/IPv4 hosts are located behind one or multiple IPv4 NATs.
NAT also involved in Teredo. NAT not involved in ISATAP .
NAT also involved in Teredo. NAT not involved in ISATAP

28. (IANA)Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
Regional Internet Registries (RIR)world map
AFRINIC (African Network Information Center)
(APNIC) Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (ARIN) American Registry for Internet Numbers (LACNIC) Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre (RIPE NCC) Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre

29. But effectively under RIR like IANA only ISPs are there

30. Hierarchical Addressing and Aggregation
Maths tricks : /23 is allotted by IANA to registry , say APNIC , /32 is given to ISPs ( 1024=2^9 ie with one IANA address APNIC can give address to 1024 ISPs under it) and one ISP now has 2^32 ie. One full IPV4 set of NW addresses, But in IPV4 2^32 IPS ,here 2^32 NW with each NW has 2^64 IPs ( oh ! my God) . When ISPs offer IPs to clients ( 8192=2^10) ie ISPs can provide /48 IPs to 8192 clients and each client can have 8192 NWs with them.

32. IPv6 Address Representation EUI 64
One of IPv6's key benefits over IPv4 is its capability for automatic interface addressing.
By implementing the IEEE's 64-bit Extended Unique Identifier (EUI-64) format, a host can automatically assign itself a unique 64-bit IPv6 interface identifier without the need for manual configuration or DHCP.
This is done in two steps.
The first step is by converting the 48-bit MAC address to a 64-bit value by adding the middle 16 bits “FF FE” in between Manufacture ID and serial number of the MAC address.
EUI64 is nothing but interface part of IPV6 address with 64 bit host part is represented with 64 bit MAC address. In non-EUI64 format instead of MAC , serial numbers may come.

33. IPv6 Address Representation EUI 64
The second step is to invert the universal/local (U/L) flag (bit 7) in the OUI portion of the address.
Globally unique addresses assigned by the IEEE originally have this bit set to zero, indicating global uniqueness.
Likewise, the U/L bit is inverted when using an EUI-64 address as an IPv6 interface ID , indicating local uniqueness.
U bit only we have to discuss . G bit now no discussion

34. Multicast Addresses
IPv6 multicast addresses have the Format Prefix of
An IPv6 address is simple to classify as multicast because it always begins with FF.
Multicast addresses cannot be used as source addresses.
Multicast addresses include additional structure to identify their flags, scope, and multicast group

35. Multicast Addresses Flags
If 0, the multicast address is a permanently assigned, well-known multicast address allocated by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
If 1, the multicast address is a not permanently assigned, or transient.
Scope :
Indicates the scope of the IPv6 internetwork for which the multicast traffic is intended
Scope Field Value
Scope
Reserved 1
Node-Local 2
Link-Local 5
Site-Local 8
Organization Local E
Global F
Flag =0 is defined by IETF and Flag =1 are the multicast addresses defined by the NW administrator in adomain
Here no NW ID and Host ID Part since multicast address are not used as source address

36. well-known IPv6 multicast addresses.
The Group ID field identifies the multicast group and is unique within the scope:
well-known IPv6 multicast addresses.
Address
Multicast Group
FF02::1
All Nodes
FF02::2
All Routers
FF02::5
OSPFv3 Routers
FF02::6
OSPFv3 Designated Routers
FF02::9
RIPng Routers
FF02::A
EIGRP Routers
FF02::B
Mobile Agents
FF02::C
DHCP Servers/Relay Agents
FF02::D
All PIM Routers
PIM : Protocol Independent Multicast

37. Anycast Addresses
Anycast addresses can be considered a conceptual cross between unicast and multicast addressing.
Where unicast says “send to this one address” and multicast says “send to every member of this group”, anycast says “send to any one member of this group”.
There is no special anycast addressing scheme.
anycast addresses are the same as unicast addresses.
An anycast address is created “automatically” when a unicast address is assigned to more than one interface.
PIM : 37

40. Practicals Assign an IP ( 2002:abcd::1234/64 or/32)
Show the /64 autocoming
Ping locally
Ping from comp to comp
If mask is changed , they cant communicate
In IPV6 there is no N/w address and broadcast address ,demonstrate by giving the address say 2001::/64 (first address in the network) and 2001::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff /64 is also taken.
2001::/64( n/w address ) and 2001::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff /64 (broadcast address) assign to PC and do ping . Also demo for an IPV4 we cant assign n/w address and b/c address
Connect RDC via IPV6 from one pc to another.