1. Frevo Pernambucos Carnival Music

2. The Term Frevo Related to the verb ferver (to boil over) Vernacular slang for the exuberance of carnival revelers in Recife 1907: term frevo first appears in print

3. Timeline of the Frevo 1800sEuropean marching band and Afro- Brazilian capoeira mix 1880s Pedestrian Carnival Clubes, marcha-frevo, fanfarras develop 1920sBlocos Carnavalescos, Marcha de Bloco 1930sFrevos recorded by orchestras and broadcast in Brazils music industry 1950sFirst recording studio in Recife opens (Rozenblit) 1960sModern frevo orquestra develops

4. Military and Civic Bands in Nineteenth-Century Brazil National impact cutting across region, social class, race Bandmasters and European-style musical literacy Civic Bands and cultural cosmopolitanism Rivalry and Competition

5. Contexts of Marching Band Performance Community-wide religious processions Elite masquerade balls during Carnival time Civic parades and functions of state

6. Pernambuco Bands Strong tradition of Rivalry Capoeira groups and enthusiastic fans

7. CapoeiraCapoeira Afro-Brazilian resistance in colonial times 19th-century urban street culture Link to Bands in Pernambuco WebPage

8. Roda de Capoeira WebPage

9. Passistas Frevo Dancers YouTube

10. Frevo de Rua Instrumental frevo Played by fanfarra (marching bands) during Carnival Two-part structure Syncopated melodic lines

11. Capitão Zuzinha José Lourenço da Silva (1889-1952)

12. Fanfarras Early 1900s Requinta/Clarinet Trumpet Two Trombones Two Horns Two Tubas Bombardino Snare, Surdo

13. Expanded Fanfarras 1910-1920s Additional trombones Pandeiro added

14. Blocos Carnavalescos 1920s Middle-class Family Oriented Coral Feminino Orquestra de Pau e Corda YouTube

15. Coral Feminino

16. Orquestra de Pau e Corda Clarinet Flute Saxophone Trumpet Guitar Cavaquinho Mandolin Banjo

17. Frevo and Brazils Popular Music Industry 1930s and 1940s –Frevos recorded in Rio de Janeiro –PRA-8 Radio Orchestra in Recife under direction of Nelson Ferreira 1950s Discos Rozenblit opens in Recife 1960s Modern orchestras

18. Recorded Frevos Frevo –Two-part instrumental frevo based on the frevo de rua –Performed by a frevo orchestra Frevo-canção –Solo song frevo sung by popular singer –Accompanied by a frevo orchestra Frevo de bloco –Marcha de bloco song sung by a coral feminino –Accompanied by an orchestra de pau e corda

19. Orquestra de Frevo Radio and society orchestras from Recife 1920s-1950s –Added saxophones –Upright bass and piano often added –Accompanied popular singers Modern Frevo Orchestra (1960s-present) –Added electric bass –Added drum set

20. José Menezes Early band experience (1930s) Jazz Band Acadêmica (1940s) PRA-8 Radio Orchestra under Nelson Ferreira (1950s) TV Radio Club Musical Director and Bandleader (1960s-present)

21. José Menezes

22. Orquestra de Frevo de José Menezes