2. Test 1 Grades were “Fair”, But ADD 10 POINTS to Your Score (Don’t Count on it for Next Test!) Grades After “Curve” A/B = 88 B/C = 75 C/D = 62 D/F = 50

3. Evidence Why You Should Attend Class Regularly # of Quizzes Taken Avg. Grade 3 69.23 71.05 2 60.36 59.88 1 58.46 57.16 0 56.17 59.33* Quiz Attendance (a proxy for overall attendance) explains a full letter grade difference in Test 1 scores! * Only 3 tests, so probably not Significant 1999 2000

4. Question of Time - Quiz If you plotted all of geologic time on a time line as long as the circumference of the Earth (25,000 mi or 40,000 km), what distance would represent 1 year? What distance would represent 75 years? What distance would represent 1 semester (4 months)?

5. The Whole Earth Time Line Circumference of the Earth is 25,000 mi (40,000 km) What distance would represent 1 year? Divide Distance by # of Years (4,600,000,000 yr) Easiest if We Use Metric Units

6. The Whole Earth Time Line 40,000 km / 4,600,000,000 yr = distance represented by 1 year? 40,000,000 m / 4,600,000,000 yr = 4,000,000,000 cm / 4,600,000,000 yr = 0.87 cm / yr (0.34 inch / year)

7. The Whole Earth Time Line 0.87 cm / yr (0.34 inch / year) X 75 yr = 65 cm (Lifetime = 25.7 inches) X 0.33 yr = 0.29 cm (Semester = 0.7 inch)

8. Don’t Write This Down! 40,000,000,000,000 microns / (4,600,000,000 yr X 365 day/yr X 24 hr/day) = 0.99 micron / hour This Lecture would be just over 1 micron long on the Whole Earth Time Line. The paper you are writing on is about 100 microns thick

9. Fill out the landslide classification chart on the next slide: Put a  next to the two most deadly types of landslides worldwide. Put a $ next to the most costly types of landslides in the Appalachians. Put a Flying WV next to all landslides common in the Appalachian region Which 2 States lead the US in Landslide damage per person? Which 2 States lead the US in Total Landslide Damage? What are the causes of Landslides? This Quiz MUST BE TURNED IN TODAY (15 February, 2000) for any credit. Geology 1 (Kite) Quiz 415 Feb 2000

10. “Soil” DebrisEarth Rock Type of Motion Fall Topple Flow Avalanche Landslides Planar Slide Rotational Slide

11. Last Time We Learned... Best Way to Break Rock: Create Tension Within.

12. Cement Leached Out by CaCO 3 Dissolution NO x or SO 2 or CO 2 + Water = Acid Acid + Calcite = Ions in Solution

13. Cement Leached Out by CaCO 3 Dissolution NO x or SO 2 or CO 2 + Water = Acid –Acid + Calcite = Ions in Solution

14. Cement Leached Out by CaCO 3 Dissolution NO x or SO 2 or CO 2 + Water = Acid –Acid + Calcite = Ions in Solution

15. Role of Rock Type Bedding, Foliation, Joints = Avenues for Weathering Spheroidal Weathering.

16. Weathering “Front”

17. Weathering “Rind”

18. Speroidal Weathering

19. Role of Rock Type Porosity: % Void Space Permeability: Ability for Fluid to Penetrate Particle Size: –Volume v. Surface Area.

20. Weathering “Facies” Strong Physical Strong Chemical VerySlight Rainfall Temp

21. SOILS Soils (Engineering): Unconsolidated Earthy Materials Soils (Soil Science, Geology) Unconsolidated Earthy Materials that Support Life

22. Transported Soils vs. Residual Soils Wind Deposits in Situ Weathering Stream Deposits of Bedrock Glacier Deposits Beach Deposits

23. Soil-Forming Factors Climate Organisms Relief (Topography) Parent Material Time.

24. Soil Orders - USA Soils Vary a Great Deal From Region to Region

25. Ye Olde Soil Horizons A - Topsoil B - Subsoil C - Unaltered Unconsolidated Material.

26. Ye Olde Soil Horizons A - Topsoil B - Subsoil C - Unaltered Unconsolidated Material

27. Modern Soil Horizons O - Organic Mat at the Surface A - Topsoil: Removal of Clay, Iron, etc. B - Subsoil: Accumulation of Clay, Iron, Humus, etc. C - Barely Altered Unconsolidated Material R - Solid Bedrock.

28. Modern Soil Horizons A B C O R

29. Mass Movement = Mass Wasting =colluvial processes =slope processes =slope failures =LANDSLIDES

30. Strength of Slope = Cohesion + Strength of Material Strength of Material Varies with Moisture Poor Drainage: Slope Instability.

31. Angle of Internal Friction Stable Angle of Slope for a Material.

32. Angle of Internal Friction Qtz Sandstone = 90 o

33. Angle of Internal Friction Shale = 45 o or 1:1 Slope

34. Angle of Internal Friction Old Landslide Deposits = 5-25 o

35. Angle of Internal Friction Clay = 1-15 o

36. Shear Strength/Shear Stress =Factor of Safety

37. “Soil” DebrisEarth Rock Type of Motion Fall Topple Planar Slide Rotational Slide Flow Avalanche Rock FallDebris FallEarth Fall Rock ToppleDebris ToppleEarth Topple Rock SlideDebris SlideEarth Slide Rock SlumpDebris SlumpEarth Slump Rock FlowDebris FlowEarth Flow Rock Avalanche Debris Avalanche Earth Avalanche Landslides

38. Basic Landslide Classification Material “Soil” DebrisEarth Rock Type of Motion

39. Material Soil: Unconsolidated Material Debris: >20 % Big Stuff (>2 mm) Earth: 2 mm) Rock: Bedrock

40. “Soil” DebrisEarth Rock Type of Motion Fall Topple Planar Slide Rotational Slide Flow Avalanche Landslides

41. Types of Landslides

42. “Soil” DebrisEarth Rock Type of Motion Fall Topple Planar Slide Rotational Slide Flow Avalanche Rock FallDebris FallEarth Fall Rock ToppleDebris ToppleEarth Topple Rock SlideDebris SlideEarth Slide Rock SlumpDebris SlumpEarth Slump Rock FlowDebris FlowEarth Flow Rock AvalancheDebris AvalancheEarth Avalanche Landslides Fall Topple

43. Fall Topple Landslides

44. Landslides - Topple

45. Fall Landslides - Rock Fall

46. 70 ton Boulder: “Mon” Blvd., 10 March 1994

47. “Soil” DebrisEarth Rock Type of Motion Fall Topple Planar Slide Rotational Slide Flow Avalanche Rock FallDebris FallEarth Fall Rock ToppleDebris ToppleEarth Topple Rock SlideDebris SlideEarth Slide Rock SlumpDebris SlumpEarth Slump Rock FlowDebris FlowEarth Flow Rock AvalancheDebris AvalancheEarth Avalanche Landslides Planar Slide Rotational Slide

48. Planar Slide = “Slide” Rotational Slide = “Slump” Landslides

49. Planar Slide = “Slide” Rotational Slide = “Slump” Landslides

50. Planar Slide = “Slide” Rotational Slide = “Slump” Landslides

51. “Slump”

52. Slump in California

53. “Slump”

54. La Conchita, California Slump

55. Slump, La Concita, California

56. Hurricane Georges (1998) Slump, Puerto Rico

57. Seattle Shoreline Where Would You Be Safe?

58. “Soil” DebrisEarth Rock Type of Motion Fall Topple Planar Slide Rotational Slide Flow Avalanche Rock FallDebris FallEarth Fall Rock ToppleDebris ToppleEarth Topple Rock SlideDebris SlideEarth Slide Rock SlumpDebris SlumpEarth Slump Rock FlowDebris FlowEarth Flow Rock Avalanche Debris Avalanche Earth Avalanche Landslides Flow Avalanche

59. La Guaira, Venezuela: Dec 1999

60. La Guaira, Venezuela: Dec 1999 15,000 to 100,000 Dead

61. November 1985 Debris Flow Track, Twin Run, Pendleton Co., WV

62. Superelevation of Debris Flow, Twin Run

63. Kanawha City Debris Flow: 3 Dead 1973

64. Mt. St. Helens Lahar, 1982

65. Lahar (= Debris Flow & Debris Avalanche) Hazard in the Seattle Area This Image: http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Imgs/J pg/Rainier/Outreach/screen_pos ter_lahar_haz.jpg Mount Rainier, WA Seattle

66. Mt. Huascaran, Peru, 1970 17,000 dead >300 km/h How Fast?

67. Armero, Colombia, near Nevado del Ruiz Volcano, Nov. 1985 23,000 Dead

68. Armero, Colombia, destroyed by lahar on November 13, 1985. More than 23,000 people were killed in Armero when lahars (volcanic debris flows) swept down from the erupting Nevado del Ruiz volcano. http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Colombia/Ruiz/ description_eruption_lahar_1985.html

69. “Soil” DebrisEarth Rock Type of Motion Fall Topple Planar Slide Rotational Slide Flow Avalanche Rock FallDebris FallEarth Fall Rock ToppleDebris ToppleEarth Topple Rock SlideDebris SlideEarth Slide Rock SlumpDebris SlumpEarth Slump Rock FlowDebris FlowEarth Flow Rock Avalanche Debris Avalanche Earth Avalanche Landslides

70. Creep Start Here 17 Feb

71. Creep

76. Landslides by U.S. Region California 40% of U.S. damage West Virginia 13% of U.S. damage

77. U.S. Landslide Risk

78. WV Has 1st or 2nd Highest Landslide Damage Per Capita $100-300 /person/yr About Same as UTAH

79. Main Regional Problems Are Road Failures Building Damage Construction Cost Over-Runs

80. Regional Causes of Landslides Steep Topography –Mountains –Incision by Rivers Materials –Red Shales - Expansive Clays Stupid or Ignorant People –Oversteepening of Slopes –w/o Geotechnical Consulting

81. Solutions to Landslide Problems Don’t Be Stupid Seek Geotechnical Help From Geologists or Civil Engineers