1. Compunet Corporation1 Programming with Visual Basic.NET While, Do and For – Next Loops Week 5 Tariq Ibn Aziz

2. Compunet Corporation2 Loop Structures Loop structures allow you to execute one or more lines of code repetitively. You can repeat the statements until a condition is true, until a condition is false, a specified number of times, or once for each object in a collection. The loop structures supported by Visual Basic include: –While –Do...Loop –For...Next –For Each...Next

3. Compunet Corporation3 The While Loop You can use the While statement to execute a block of statements an indefinite number of times depending on the Boolean value of a condition. The statements are repeated as long as the condition is True.

4. Compunet Corporation4 Shampoo Algorithm 1.Get shampoo 2.Lather 3.Rinse What’s the problem?

5. Compunet Corporation5 While Loop Example Imports System.Console Public Module WhileDemo Sub Main() CheckWhile() End Sub Sub CheckWhile() Dim Counter As Integer = 0 Dim Number As Integer = 10 While Number > 6 Number = Number - 1 Counter = Counter + 1 End While WriteLine ("The loop ran " & Counter & " times.") End Sub End Module 4

6. Compunet Corporation6 While Loop Example Imports System.Console Public Class WhileDemo Shared Sub Main() CheckWhile() End Sub Shared Sub CheckWhile() Dim Counter As Integer = 0 Dim Number As Integer = 10 While Number > 6 Number = Number - 1 Counter = Counter + 1 End While WriteLine ("The loop ran " & Counter & " times.") End Sub End Class 4

7. Compunet Corporation7 Example (THE while LOOP) In the following example, Number is assigned a value that could cause the loop to execute more than 2 ^ 31 times. Sub ExitWhileExample() Dim Counter As Integer = 0 Dim Number As Integer = 8 While Number <> 10 If Number < 0 Then Exit While Number = Number - 1 Counter = Counter + 1 End While MsgBox("The loop ran " & Counter & " times.") End Sub Note 1: To stop an endless loop, press ESC or CTRL+BREAK. Note 2: Need Microsoft.VisualBasic namespace for MsgBox 9

8. Compunet Corporation8 Do...Loop Statements There are two ways to use the While keyword to check a condition in a Do loop. –You can check the condition before you enter the loop –or you can check it after the loop has run at least once.

9. Compunet Corporation9 Pre-test and Post-test Loops Loop body Condition TRUE FALSE Loop body Condition TRUE FALSE

10. Compunet Corporation10 Do...Loop Statements In the following example, the CheckWhileFirst procedure tests the condition before it enters the loop. If Number had been initialized to 6 instead of 10, the statements inside the loop would never run. Sub CheckWhileFirst() Dim Counter As Integer = 0 Dim Number As Integer = 10 Do While Number > 6 Number = Number - 1 Counter = Counter + 1 Loop MsgBox("The loop ran " & Counter & " times.") End Sub 4

11. Compunet Corporation11 Do...Loop Statements In the following example, the CheckWhileLast procedure, the statements inside the loop run once before testing the condition, which is False on the first test. Sub CheckWhileLast() Dim Counter As Integer = 0 Dim Number As Integer = 5 Do Number = Number - 1 Counter = Counter + 1 Loop While Number > 6 MsgBox("The loop ran " & Counter & " times.") End Sub 1

12. Compunet Corporation12 Do...Loop Statements There are two ways to use the Until keyword to check a condition in a Do loop. –You can check the condition before you enter the loop, –or you can check it after the loop has run at least once. –Looping continues while the condition remains False.

13. Compunet Corporation13 Do...Loop Statements Example In the following example, the CheckUntilFirst procedure tests the condition before it enters the loop. If Number had been initialized to 15 instead of 20, the statements inside the loop would never run. Sub CheckUntilFirst() Dim Counter As Integer = 0 Dim Number As Integer = 20 Do Until Number = 15 Number = Number - 1 Counter = Counter + 1 Loop MsgBox("The loop ran " & Counter & " times.") End Sub 5

14. Compunet Corporation14 Do...Loop Statements Example In the following example, the CheckUntilLast procedure, the statements inside the loop run once before testing the condition, which is False on the first test.. Sub CheckUntilLast() Dim Counter As Integer = 0 Dim Number As Integer = 20 Do Number = Number - 1 Counter = Counter + 1 Loop Until Number = 15 MsgBox("The loop ran " & Counter & " times.") End Sub 5

15. Compunet Corporation15 Exercises Write a program that displays the numbers 1 through 100. Write a program that displays the numbers 100 to 1, in reverse order.

16. Compunet Corporation16 Do...Loop – Exit Do Statements You can transfer out of a Do loop by using the Exit Do statement. One use of this is to test for a condition that could cause an endless loop, which is a loop that could run an extremely large or even infinite number of times. –If the condition is True, use Exit Do to escape. –If the condition is False, the loop continues running.

17. Compunet Corporation17 Do...Loop – Exit Do Example In the following example, Number is assigned a value that could cause the loop to execute more than 2 ^ 31 times. The If statement checks for this and exits if it exists, preventing endless looping. Sub ExitDoExample() Dim Counter As Integer = 0 Dim Number As Integer = 8 Do Until Number = 10 If Number <= 0 Then Exit Do Number = Number - 1 Counter = Counter + 1 Loop MsgBox("The loop ran " & Counter & " times.") End Sub 8

18. Compunet Corporation18 For...Next Statements Do loops work well when you do not know in advance how many times you need to execute the statements in the loop However, when you expect to execute the loop a specific number of times, a For...Next loop is a better choice. For loop uses a variable called a counter that increases or decreases in value during each repetition of the loop.

19. Compunet Corporation19 For...Next Statements The For loop is used to repeat a statement or block of statements. The syntax is as follows: For counter [ As datatype ] = start To end [ Step step ] ' Statement block to be executed for each value of counter. Next [ counter ]

20. Compunet Corporation20 For...Next Example Public Module ForLoop Sub Main() Dim I As Integer For I = 0 To 10 System.Console.Write (I & " ") Next I System.Console.WriteLine (" Terminating") End Sub End Module Output: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Terminating

21. Compunet Corporation21 For...Next Example Public Class ForLoop Shared Sub Main() Dim I As Integer For I = 0 To 10 System.Console.Write (I & " ") Next I System.Console.WriteLine (" Terminating") End Sub End Class Output: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Terminating

22. Compunet Corporation22 Example (for Statement) Public Module ForLoop Sub Main() Dim sum AS Integer =0 Dim prod AS Integer =1 For I AS Integer = 1 To 6 sum = sum + I prod = prod * I Next I System.Console.Write ("Product & Sum:") System.Console.Write (prod) System.Console.Write (" & ") System.Console.Write (sum) End Sub End Module Output: Product & Sum:720 & 21

23. Compunet Corporation23 Example (for Statement) Public Class ForLoop Shared Sub Main() Dim sum AS Integer =0 Dim prod AS Integer =1 For I AS Integer = 1 To 6 sum = sum + I prod = prod * I Next I System.Console.Write ("Product & Sum:") System.Console.Write (prod) System.Console.Write (" & ") System.Console.Write (sum) End Sub End Class Output: Product & Sum:720 & 21

24. Compunet Corporation24 More Practice Write programs (using loops) to do each of the following: –Sigma(j, k) that solves Si, where i goes from j to k –Product(j, k) that solves Pi, where i goes from j to k –Write a program to find the Factorial of n i.e. n!

25. Compunet Corporation25 Incrementing and Decrementing the Counter Variable One way of Incrementing and Decrementing: Increases the value n = n + 1 or n += 1 Decreases the value n = n - 1or n -= 1

26. Compunet Corporation26 Increment and decrement Public Module IncrementDecrement Sub Main() Dim n AS Integer =6 n += 1 ' 7 n = n + 1 ' 8 System.Console.Write ( n ) ' 8 will be printed n -= 1 ' 7 n = n - 1 ' 6 System.Console.Write ( n ) ' 6 will be printed End Sub End Module

27. Compunet Corporation27 Incrementing and Decrementing the Counter Variable Using the Step keyword, you can increment or decrement the counter by the value you specify. In the following example, the counter variable J is incremented by 1 each time the loop repeats Sub TwosTotal() Dim J, Total As Integer For J = 1 To 10 Step 1 Total = Total + 1 Next J MsgBox("The total is " & Total) End Sub

28. Compunet Corporation28 Incrementing and Decrementing the Counter Variable To decrease the counter variable, use a negative Step value. Sub NewTotal() Dim N, Total As Integer For N = 16 To 4 Step -1 Total = Total + 1 Next N MsgBox("The total is " & Total) End Sub

29. Compunet Corporation29 Exiting a For...Next Loop You can exit a For...Next loop before the counter passes its end value by using the Exit For statement.

30. Compunet Corporation30 Exiting a For...Next Loop Sub ExitDoExample() Dim Counter As Integer = 0 Dim Number As Integer For Number = 10 To 1 Step -1 If Number <= 0 Then Exit For Counter = Counter + 1 Loop MsgBox("The loop ran " & Counter & " times.") End Sub

31. Compunet Corporation31 Faster For...Next Loops Integer variables are slightly faster to update than either Short or Long ones. ' First case -- Integer is fastest. Dim Fastest As Integer For Fastest = 0 to 100000 ' Statements to execute for each value of Fastest. Next Fastest

32. Compunet Corporation32 Faster For...Next Loops Integer variables are slightly faster to update than either Short or Long ones. ' Second case -- Long is not as fast. Dim NotAsFastest As Integer For NotAsFastest = 0 To 100000 ' Statements to execute for each value of Fastest. Next NotAsFastest

33. Compunet Corporation33 Faster For...Next Loops Integer variables are slightly faster to update than either Short or Long ones. ' Third case -- Decimal is slower. Dim MuchSlower As Decimal For MuchSlower = 0 To 100000 'Statements to execute for each value of Fastest. Next MuchSlower

34. Compunet Corporation34 Exercise (THE do LOOP) Write an application that generates the first 15 numbers in the Fibonacci series (i.e., 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 … ) A number in this series is calculated by adding together the two numbers that precede it. Use a Do loop to control the computations. Show how to replace this For loop with a While For I AS Integer = 1 To 10 Step 2 Next I

35. Compunet Corporation35 Nested Loop When the body of one loop contains another, the second is said to be nested inside the first. For I AS Integer = 0 To 5 Step 1 For J AS Integer = 0 To 5 Step 1 System.Console.Write (I & " ") Next J Next I

36. Compunet Corporation36 Exercise (NESTED LOOP) Write an application that counts the total number of characters in all of its command-line arguments. Write a program that finds all the prime number between 100 and 200 Write a program to display the following: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 1 2 1

37. Compunet Corporation37 Exercise Write an application that searches through its command- line arguments. If an arguments is found that does not begin with an uppercase letter, display an error message and terminate.

38. Compunet Corporation38 Exercise Write a program that accepts one command-line argument and displays its Spanish equivalent. For example the token "one," "two," "three," "four," and "five" are translated to "Uno," "Dos," "Tres," "Quatro," and "Cinco." Write an application that can process a sequence of command-line arguments that describe the quantities and types of coins held by a person. This sequence of arguments might be similar to the following: 5 nickles 4 quarters 2 dimes. In this case, the program would display a message indicating that the total value of these coins is $1.45.