1. http://www.itu.int/wsis SCIC in the WSIS Stocktaking Report (July 2005): http://www.itu.int/wsis uThe SCIC, founded in 1998 by ICFA, is listed in Section 7.8, on E-science: “ The International Committee on Future Accelerators: Standing Committee on Inter-regional Connectivity monitors the world’s research and education networks, tracking requirements and deals especially with digital divide issues. Its main goal is to foster global scientific collaboration, so enabling scientists around the world to participate in frontier scientific discoveries.” “ The International Committee on Future Accelerators: Standing Committee on Inter-regional Connectivity monitors the world’s research and education networks, tracking requirements and deals especially with digital divide issues. Its main goal is to foster global scientific collaboration, so enabling scientists around the world to participate in frontier scientific discoveries.” [No other initiative cited is quoted as working towards equality in scientific research. Such equality is a foundation of HEP’s collaborations.] [No other initiative cited is quoted as working towards equality in scientific research. Such equality is a foundation of HEP’s collaborations.] uWe focus on cost-effective technology solutions that bring communities to a point where they can collaborate effectively; and create a “sustainable process of innovation” uFor Africa this requires a modern optical fiber infrastructure

2. The Global Lambda Integrated Facility for Research and Education (GLIF) uArchitecting an international LambdaGrid infrastructure uGrid applications “ride” on dynamically configured networks based on optical wavelengths. 10 Gbps Links Across the Atlantic and Pacific are a New Reality  Interconnecting Nat’l Lambda Rail (US) CANARIE (CA) JGN2 (Japan) GEANT2 in Europe CLARA in Latin Am. …  GLORIAD Link Inaugurated 9/4/05

3. SCIC Monitoring WG - Throughput Improvements 1995-2005 Bandwidth of TCP < MSS/(RTT*Sqrt(Loss)) (1) 1) Matthis et al., Computer Communication Review 27(3), July 1997 ( 1) Matthis et al., Computer Communication Review 27(3), July 1997 60% annual improvement Factor ~100/10 yr Progress: but Digital Divide is Mostly Maintained Some Regions ~5-10 Years Behind SE Europe and Parts of Asia May be Catching Up (Slowly); India, Africa in Danger of Falling Ever- Farther Behind TCP throughput measured from N. America to World Regions 1 10 100 1000 10000 Jan-95Jan-96 Dec-96Dec-97Dec-98 Dec-99 Dec-00Dec-01Dec-02Dec-03Dec-04 Derived TCP throughput in KBytes/sec 1 10 100 1000 10000 China (13) S.E. Europe (21) Europe(150) Canada (27) Russia(17) Edu (141) Latin America (37) India(7) Africa (30) Mid East (16) C. Asia (8) From the PingER project, Jan 2005 Caucasus (8)

4. SCIC Main Conclusion for 2004 Setting the Tone for 2005 uThe disparity among regions could increase even more sharply, as we deploy and learn to use advanced networks effectively, and develop dynamic Grid systems in the “most favored” regions uWe must therefore take action, to Close the Digital Divide èTo make physicists from all world regions full partners in their Experiments; and in the process of scientific discovery èThis is essential for the health of our global experimental collaborations, our plans for future projects, and our field.

5. New Focus on AFRICA Many Systemic Issues: Lack of energy, infrastructure. Lack of expertise Problems of Disease Political unrest Pricing Import duties & policies Corruption M. Jensen 800M People, 1.4% with Internet Access: More than an order of magnitude lower than in Europe (35%) & North America (70%)

6. Africa Coverage  We now cover most (31) countries with many tertiary education centers (83% of the population)  Recently added monitoring site in So. Africa (TENET)

7. Satellites vs Terrestrial Terrestrial links via SAT3 & SEAMEWE (Mediterranean & Red Sea) Terrestrial not available to all within countries Note: Satellite Links are a Boon to the Region, but typical unit bandwidth costs are 300-1000X more than Fiber. There is a Continued Need for Fiber Infrastructure

8. SCIC in 2004-2005 http://cern.ch/icfa-scic Three 2005 Reports Focus on the Digital Divide uMain Report: “Networking for HENP” [H. Newman et al.] èIncludes Updates on the Digital Divide, World Network Status; Brief updates on Monitoring and Advanced Technologies è18 Appendices: A World Network Overview Status and Plans for the Next Few Years of Nat’l & Regional Networks, and Optical Network Initiatives uMonitoring Working Group Report [L. Cottrell] Also See: uSCIC 2003 Digital Divide Report[A. Santoro et al.] uTERENA (www.terena.nl) 2004 Compendium on R&E Networks in Europe www.terena.nl

9. ICFA Report (2005) Update: Main Trends Continue, Some Accelerate uCurrent generation of 2.5-10 Gbps network backbones and major Int’l links arrived in 2001-5 in US, Europe, Japan; Now Korea and China è Growth: 4 to Hundreds of Times; Much Faster than Moore’s Law uProliferation of 10G links across the Atlantic & Pacific; Begin use of Multiple 10G Links (e.g. US-CERN) Along Major Paths by Fall 2005 uTech. Progress Driving Equipment Costs Lower è Commoditization of Gigabit and now 10-Gigabit Ethernet uMore than Just Bandwidth is Needed: Grids demand seamless networks, with reliable high performance end-to-end, managed to enforce fair-sharing among “priority” tasks uEmergence of the “Hybrid” Network Model: UltraLight, GLIF uSome regions (US, Canada, Europe; Brazil) moving to dark fiber