1. MIS 3053 Database Design & Applications The University of Tulsa Professor: Akhilesh Bajaj ER Model Lecture 4 Mapping an ER model to tables © Akhilesh Bajaj, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2006. All Rights Reserved.

2. Review of the ER Model So Far Entities and entity sets Relationships and relationship sets Attributes of entity sets and relationship sets Degree of relationship sets Cardinality of relationship sets Keys of entity sets Existence dependencies (weak entity sets) Subclass / Superclass hierarchy amongst entity sets

3. Goals Today Learn how to map an ER diagram to a set of tables In-class assignment on mapping ER diagrams to tables. Goal of ER module: End-user descriptions One ER diagram Set of tables

4. A table has a name A table has columns - the columns are also called attributes. The data in the table is stored as rows. A table has a primary key (determines each row uniquely). A database consists of many such tables, and is called a relational schema. What is a Table

5. Create a separate table for the strong entity set. The name of the table is the name of the entity set. The columns of the table are the attributes of the strong entity set. The primary key of the table is the primary key of the entity set. Mapping Strong Entity Sets

6. Create a separate table for the weak entity set. The name of the table is the name of the entity set. The columns of the table are the attributes of the weak entity set + the primary key of the corresponding strong entity set. The primary key of the table is the primary key of the corresponding strong entity set + the unique identifier of the weak entity set. Mapping Weak Entity Sets

7. Create a separate table for the superclass first, using the rules for mapping entity sets we have seen earlier. For each subclass entity set, create a separate table. The columns of each table = the additional attributes of the corresponding subclass entity set + the primary key of the superclass entity set. The primary key of the subclass table is the primary key taken from the superclass table. Recall that the hierarchy triangle is NOT a relationship set and is not mapped into a table. Mapping Superclass / Subclass Hierarchies

8. Create a separate table for the multivalued attribute. The name of the table is the name of the attribute. The columns of the table are the primary key of the entity set to which the attribute belongs + a separate column for values of the attribute. The primary key of the table is all the columns of the table. If there are separate multivalued attributes, then create a separate table for EACH attribute. Mapping Multivalued Attributes

9. Only attributes that are the leaves of a composite hierarchy are mapped as columns of a table. If the composite attribute is single-valued, treat the leaf attributes as ordinary attributes, when mapping them. If the composite attribute is multivalued, treat the leaf attributes as multivalued-attributes, when mapping them, except create only ONE new table with all the leaf attributes in it. The Primary Key of this table will be all the attributes of the table. Note: There can never be a case where only some leaf attributes are multivalued and others are not. Either the entire composite Attribute (such as address) is multivalued, or it is not. Mapping Composite Attributes

10. 1. Mapping Existence Relationship sets (Weak entity set relationship set with its strong entity set: DOUBLE Diamond) : Existence relationship sets (between weak and corresponding strong entity sets) are NOT mapped into tables.These are the ones that are represented by double diamonds. We should note that a weak entity set can have other, normal relationship sets with other entity sets also. These are treated as normal (single diamond) relationship sets, when mapping. Let’s see how to map normal relationship sets to tables next. Mapping Relationship Sets

11. 2. MAPPING A RELATIONSHIP SET (SINGLE DIAMOND) 2 a) Binary relationships that are 0/1:1..…◊..... Any cardinality : Add a column(s) in the table that corresponds to the entity set that is on the “Any Cardinality” side. Example: Mapping Relationship Sets AB R 0:10:n “Any Cardinality here” Side The column(s) we add to B here is the primary key of the entity set that is on the 0/1:1 side (A in this case) and any other attributes of the relationship set. So, we borrow the primary key of A into B, but it does NOT become part of the primary key of B. It’s still a foreign key referring A though. We can also preface the columns added to B with the label of R, to show that the columns are borrowed because of R. [Nota Bene: If the cardinality is 0:1, null values have to be allowed, if it is 1:1, then null values should not be allowed, for the primary key of A when put in B.] 0/1:1 here Side

12. 2 b). Binary relationship sets with cardinality NOT as in 2a) AND all ternary & higher degree relationship sets: Create a separate table with the same name as the name of the relationship set The columns of the table are the attributes of the relationship set (if any) + primary keys of all the entity sets that participate in the relationship set. The primary key of the table is = the primary keys of all the entity sets that participate in the relationship set. If any of the entity sets in the relationship set are weak, recall that the primary key of a weak entity set is the unique identifier + the primary key of the corresponding strong entity set. Mapping Relationship Sets Note: Rules 1 & 2 are mutually exclusive: Rule 1 is for double diamonds, rule 2 is for single diamonds

13. Given an ER diagram, what sequence of steps should we follow? Map the strong entity sets Map the weak entity sets Map the subclass entity sets Map multivalued attributes, if any Map Composite attributes, if any Map relationship sets Sequence Of Steps

14. The examples are deliberately abstract, to emphasize the steps, independent of any particular situation. Example 1 AB Attrib A1 Attrib D2 Attrib R11 Attrib B1 Attrib B2 Attrib A2 Attrib D1 Attrib R21 Attrib C1 Attrib C2 Attrib C3 C R1 R2 0:11:m 1:n D 0:1 1:n

15. The examples are deliberately abstract, to emphasize the steps, independent of any particular situation. Example 2 B Attrib D2 Attrib B1 Attrib B2 Attrib D1 Attrib R11 R1 0:m D A Attrib A1 Attrib A2 1:1 0:m 1:n

16. In Class Assignment 1 Al’s motor shop (AMS) is an automobile repair facility owned by the Capone family. AMS has 5 repair bays. Each repair bay (place where car is repaired) has a bay_id and bay_location. AMS employs 14 employees. Each employee has an employee_id, address, phone and salary. Of these 14, 2 are office staff. They are further described by typing_speed and degree_held. The 12 mechanics are further described by tech_level. Each mechanic is assigned to work on one bay. AMS customers have a cust_id, name, address, phone. In addition, Mr. Capone also wants to capture information for each customer that lists the mechanic who last did a job for the customer, the date on which the job was done, and the amount the customer paid to AMS. The above requirements have been captured in an ER diagram. Please map the ER diagram to tables.

17. In Class Assignment Repair_bays Mechanics Employees Customers Office_staff Emp_id Degree_held Typing_speedTech_level Cust_id name phone Bay_id Bay_loc address phone Salary address 0:n1:1 0:1 0:n Works Last_job IS A date payment User-defined, disjoint, total

18. Tables Mapped from the ER Diagram Employees (emp_id, phone, address, salary) Mechanics (emp_id, tech_level, bay_id) emp_id FK REF employees, bay_id FK REF bays Office_staff (emp_id, typing_speed, degree_held) emp_id FK REF employees Repair_bays (bay_id, bay_loc) Customers (cust_id, name, address, phone, last_job_emp_id, last_job_date, last_job_payment)l last_job_emp_id FK refs mechanics