1. Anthroposystem Summary Anthroposystem –The ideal method for uniting the four main elements of our physical society Producers, Consumers, Decomposers and the Matrix (non-living, non- producing objects) –An anthroposystem would rely heavily on recycling to match the waste production –Emphasis on minimizing pollution Industrial Ecology –Relation between industry and the environment –Goal is to achieve closed systems Self sufficient, sustainable system –Modeled in the same way as an anthroposystem Conclusions –When Sustainability is reached, the concepts of anthroposystem, sustainable economic development, and industrial ecology will be interrelated and codependent –Do not fix problems separately, think of as one large system to help focus goals

2. Ecosystem-Biosphere Summary Ecosystem (Producers, Consumers & Decomposers) –Naturally, an ecosystem will be sustainable because the decomposers, bacteria and fungi, can recycle all waste from the consumers (closed system) –Human interference changed the dynamic of the ecosystem, decomposers can no longer recycle all the waste from the consumers (open system) –The material flow between producers, consumers and receptors can be mapped out and easily analyzed using transform matrices This is possible through the use of conservation laws Environmental Spheres (Atmosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere & Lithosphere) –The environmental spheres viewpoint takes a step back from the ecosystem viewpoint, to see all variables involved (closed system) –Biosphere is where most damage is done, but its changes have a dramatic effect on the three other spheres

3. Critical Comparison The first difference was the use of the term anthroposystem –In the M. Santos paper, it was used as an ideal state of human civilization where our recycling output equaled are waste input –Prof. Husar used the term to describe a similar human dominated system that was not necessarily ideal The main difference dealt with the realm of reference –M. Santos never considered the entire world as an individual system, so the anthroposystems he discussed were all open systems This leaves little room for the calculation of material flow Cannot measure the total impact of pollution, because the atmosphere carries pollutants outside the original anthroposystem Harder to find efficiency of the system with respect to recycling to waste output