1. Chapter 23: Romantic Opera: Italy

2. Italy The golden age of opera with composers such as Rossini, Bellini, Verdi, Wagner, Bizet, and Puccini Bel canto: “Beautiful singing” – Term coined by Rossini – Early creators of bel canto include Donizetti and Bellini – Emphasis on beautiful vocal melodies – Orchestra provides simple harmonic support – Exalted the leading opera singers – Prima donna or diva: Lead soprano, usually the heroine

3. Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) Most popular opera composer throughout Europe His operas are performed more than any others Early operas supported Italian nationalism – Promoted a united Italy Dramas turned to domestic themes and personal conflict Opera standards include: Rigoletto (1851), La traviata (1853), Il trovatore (1853), Aida (1871)

4. Verdi’s Dramaturgy and Musical Style Conflict – personal or national – the root of every emotion Clear expression of emotion Emotional states almost melodramatic Intense passion and nonstop action – Recitativo accompagnato: Orchestra accompanies the recitative; Smooth transitions between recitative and aria – Arias push singers to the utmost of their range – Bel canto style

5. La traviata (1853) “The Woman Gone Astray” Based on a story (Camille) by Alexandre Dumas the younger Pits passionate love against middle-class morality “Un di felice” – Gala party at the end of the first act – Alfredo and Violetta sing to each other

6. La traviata, Act I, Scene 6 A Scena – Slow aria (“Ah fors´è lui”) – Recitative accompagnata (“Follie!”) – Cabaletta (“Sempre libera”) A fast-paced concluding aria Virtuosity serves a dramatic purpose Allows character to rush off stage