1. Workshop on Software Product Archiving and Retrieving System Takeo KASUBUCHI Hiroshi IGAKI Hajimu IIDA Ken’ichi MATUMOTO Nara Institute of Science and Technology Compositional Pattern Search Method for Reuse of Software Process Elements

2. 6 April 2004 Workshop on Software Product Archiving and Retrieving System 2 Background The utilization of Organizational Process Assets (OPA) is one of the important topics of software process improvement activities such as CMM/CMMI. OPA archives various software process descriptions including organizational standard software process and past enacted project process. In many of today’s software development organizations, actual processes in whole are not so stable for repeated reuse and improvement.

3. 6 April 2004 Workshop on Software Product Archiving and Retrieving System 3 Process Diversity in Current Organizations Software development process diversity is raising in many organizations due to following reasons: Shorter product lifecycle and changing requirements Heterogeneous product lineup in one organization Simple reuse mechanism (such as solid standard process or project template file) may not work for these situations

4. 6 April 2004 Workshop on Software Product Archiving and Retrieving System 4 Proposed Solutions against Process Diversity Process Components as easily reusable process elements NOT necessarily machine executable. Self configurable / adaptable / descriptive Process Patterns as easily reusable process templates Compositional patterns describing the connections of the content process elements Self organizing / descriptive

5. 6 April 2004 Workshop on Software Product Archiving and Retrieving System 5 Process Component Is a unit of software process based on OO component modeling May be reused with other components to compose larger process Has interface following the common rule/manner of connecting each other May self-configurable when connecting each other (plug-and-play) Interface may contain work products and roles

6. 6 April 2004 Workshop on Software Product Archiving and Retrieving System 6 Process Pattern Represents metadata for process composition with a set of process components and connections among them. Is used as a template of process (contained elements may be replaced with subclasses) Is based on formally defined structure Also should be self descriptive (readable as well as descriptions in “Pattern Language”)

7. 6 April 2004 Workshop on Software Product Archiving and Retrieving System 7 Requirement Analysis require ment System Design design Program Coding code System Testing system System Development system Requirement Analysis require ment Composed Process ready for enactment Compositional Pattern #1 for lifecycle Example of the Pattern-based Software Process Composition Compositional Pattern #2 for lifecycle

8. 6 April 2004 Workshop on Software Product Archiving and Retrieving System 8 Main topic of this presentation: Reusing technique of process components Process browsing and query mechanism should accelerate efficiency of process component reuse in: Process Modeling Tool Project Planning / Management Tool Compositional pattern itself helps reuse of each components (a compositional pattern can be regarded as a context in which concerned components are used)

9. 6 April 2004 Workshop on Software Product Archiving and Retrieving System 9 Query Target : Project Defined Process Descriptions Project Defined Process Description contains following elements Process Component Task Artifact Relationship between components Dependency between two tasks Input/Output relation between task and artifact

10. 6 April 2004 Workshop on Software Product Archiving and Retrieving System 10 Description Form of Component- based Project Defined Process Requirement Project Plan Analysis Result Req. Analysis Planning (Previous) (Next) (Requires) (IsRequiredBy) (Generates) (IsGeneratedBy) PDSP description TitleXX Plan IDwp0307 Data TypeProject Plan Creator○○ Referenced-ByID:wp0406, ID:wp0703 DateOfCreation2003-01-12 ． ． ． ． ． ． TitlePlan XX Project IDpc0304 Data typeProject Planning Executor○○ ReferenceToID:pc0405 DateOfCreation2003-01-05 ． ． ． ． ． XML data description Each PDSP is registered to organizational process asset repository for future analysis and reuse

11. 6 April 2004 Workshop on Software Product Archiving and Retrieving System 11 Implementation Image of Process Pattern Query Tool Process Pattern Query Query Process Elements result Search Add Arc 1. Similarity=2.0 http://www.******.co.jp/project/ Project○○ (:2001.○. △～ 2002.×.□) ・ Review Log 2002.○.X ・ Reviewed Plan 2002.○.X ・ →Browse Process Keywords Artifacts DnD review

12. 6 April 2004 Workshop on Software Product Archiving and Retrieving System 12 Searching reusable “Process Patterns” in Repository ~ A Typical Example Which tasks are to be performed in Req. Analysis phase? Which documents should be created during Testing phase?

13. 6 April 2004 Workshop on Software Product Archiving and Retrieving System 13 Proposed Method of Similar Pattern Search (1) Exact match of queried pattern is rare and useless in compositional pattern query Low number of data High diversity Ranking similarities of PDSP descriptions to query pattern is practical approach We employed graph-based pattern similarity calculation method proposed for text searching by Tomita et al.

14. 6 April 2004 Workshop on Software Product Archiving and Retrieving System 14 Proposed Method of Similar Pattern Search (2) Regard a component-based PDSP description as a graph composed of elements and their relationships Specify query pattern as a fragment of PDSP that can also be regarded as a graph Calculate and rank similarities to stored PDSP descriptions Show rsulting ranking to users Target of comparison (PDSPs ） Analyzed Requirement Design Plan Planning System Designing Implementing System Designing Iplementing Query Pattern quer y User similar flow of tasks

15. 6 April 2004 Workshop on Software Product Archiving and Retrieving System 15 Outline of Graph-based Similarity Calculation ~ An existing method for similar graph model searching [1] is used Similarity (an initial model) ＝ I× ｆ（ sum of degree of interest for each element in query pattern ） ＋ R×g （ sum of degree of relevance for each relation in query patter ） I: weight of interests R: weight of relevance f(): normalize function g(): normalize function interest for each element= reference count from other elements relevance for each relation=1 / shortest path length between start and goal nodes [1] Tomita et al. ” Proposal for a new IR system using subject graph and word‘s weighting by the relation ” (In Japanese) ， IPSJ Technical Report 98-F1-52 ， pp.17-24

16. 6 April 2004 Workshop on Software Product Archiving and Retrieving System 16 Interests value (reference count from other elements) Example 1 Past PDSP #m Analyzed Requirement Design Plan Planning System Designing Implementing System Designing Implementing Query Pattern X User = Project Process Author search 0.20.50.7 0.40.5 0.7 similarity ＝ p×((0.5+0.7)/1.5)+(1-p)×(1/1) ＝ 0.5×1.2/1.5 + 0.5×1 ＝ 0.9 1.0 Relevance of Relation (p=0.5, f=1/1.5, g=1)

17. 6 April 2004 Workshop on Software Product Archiving and Retrieving System 17 Example2 System Designing Implementing Query Pattern X user 検索 Analyzed Req. Design Plan Planning Designing System Implementing Verifying Design Verified Design Interests 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.5 Relevance similarity ＝ p×{(0.4+0.9)/1.5}+(1-p)×{(0.5)/1} ＝ 0.5×1.3/1.5 + 0.5×0.5 ＝ 0.68 (p=0.5, f=1/1.5, g=1) Past PDSP #n

18. 6 April 2004 Workshop on Software Product Archiving and Retrieving System 18 Conclusion A process compositional pattern framework for organizational process asset utilization is proposed Patterns can be searched by graph-based matching model This model may also be applied to evaluate similarities of component-based software system -> Applicable to SPARS systems Future works: Implementation of Modeling and Query tool Evaluation and improvement of the pattern similarity calculation formula Apply to software component reuse