1. The World of Cells Lincoln Robinson Student Sample - EDU 221 Dr. Theresa 2-27-2008

2. Cell Theory In 1824, Rene Dutrochet discovered that "the cell is the fundamental element in the structure of living bodies, forming both animals and plants through juxtaposition.“ 1. all known living things are made up of cells. 2. the cell is structural & functional unit of all living things. 2. the cell is structural & functional unit of all living things. 3. all cells come from pre-existing cells by division. (Spontaneous Generation does not occur). 3. all cells come from pre-existing cells by division. (Spontaneous Generation does not occur). 4. cells contains hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division. 4. cells contains hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell division. 5. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition. 5. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition. 6. all energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs within cells. 6. all energy flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs within cells. A CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE!!!! http://www.cellsalive.com/cell_cycle.htm

3. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Prokaryote: No nuclear membrane (genetic material dispersed throughout cytoplasm) No nuclear membrane (genetic material dispersed throughout cytoplasm) No membrane-bound organelles No membrane-bound organelles Simple internal structure Simple internal structure Most primitive type of cell (appeared about four billion years ago) Most primitive type of cell (appeared about four billion years ago) Eukaryote: Nuclear membrane surrounding genetic material Nuclear membrane surrounding genetic material Numerous membrane-bound organelles Numerous membrane-bound organelles Complex internal structure Complex internal structure Appeared approximately one billion years ago Appeared approximately one billion years ago

4. Intracellular Organelles Nucleus: Nuclear membrane: Nuclear membrane: - Surrounds nucleus - Composed of two layers - Numerous openings for nuclear traffic Nucleolus: Nucleolus: -Spherical shape -Spherical shape -Visible when cell is not dividing -Visible when cell is not dividing - Contains RNA for protein manufacture Chromosomes: Chromosomes: - Usually in the form of chromatin - Contains genetic information - Composed of DNA - Thicken for cellular division - Set number per species - Usually in the form of chromatin - Contains genetic information - Composed of DNA - Thicken for cellular division - Set number per species (i.e. 23 pairs for human) (i.e. 23 pairs for human)

5. Intracellular Organelles Cont… Cytoplasm: Lysosome : Lysosome : -Digestive 'plant' for proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates -Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal - Vary in shape depending on process being carried out - Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes Chloroplast (plant cells only): Chloroplast (plant cells only): - A plastid usually found in plant cells - Contain green chlorophyll where photosynthesis takes place Vacuoles: Vacuoles: - Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal - Contains water solution - Contractile vacuoles for water removal (in unicellular organisms)

6. Intracellular Organelles Cont… Cytoplasm: Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: -Tubular network fused to nuclear membrane - Goes through cytoplasm onto cell membrane - Stores, separates, and serves as cell's transport system - Smooth type: lacks ribosomes - Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface Ribosomes:Ribosomes: - Each cell contains thousands - Miniature 'protein factories' - Composes 25% of cell's mass - Stationary type: embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum - Mobile type: injects proteins directly into cytoplasm Cytoskeleton: Cytoskeleton: - Composed of microtubules - Supports cell and provides shape - Aids movement of materials in and out of cells

7. Intracellular Organelles Cont… Cytoplasm: Mitochondria: Mitochondria: -Second largest organelle with unique genetic structure - Double-layered outer membrane with inner folds called cristae - Energy-producing chemical reactions take place on cristae - Controls level of water and other materials in cell - Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, and forms urea Centrioles (animal cells only): Centrioles (animal cells only): - Paired cylindrical organelles near nucleus - Composed of nine tubes, each with three tubules - Involved in cellular division - Lie at right angles to each other

8. Intracellular Organelles Cont… Cell Surface: Cell Wall (plant cells only): Cell Wall (plant cells only): - Most commonly found in plant cells - Controls turgity - Extracellular structure surrounding plasma membrane - Primary cell wall: extremely elastic - Secondary cell wall: forms around primary cell wall after growth is complete Cell Membrane: Cell Membrane: - Outer membrane of cell that controls cellular traffic - Contains proteins (left, gray) that span through the membrane and allow passage of materials - Proteins are surrounded by a phospholipid bi-layer. http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/3dcell.htm

9. Intracellular Organelles Links to other resources: Cells and Organelles http://www.life.uiuc.edu/bio100/lessons/cells_and_organelles.html http://www.life.uiuc.edu/bio100/lessons/cells_and_organelles.html The Insides of Cells http://kauai.cudenver.edu:3010/0/nutrition.dir/organelle.html http://kauai.cudenver.edu:3010/0/nutrition.dir/organelle.html Structures and Function of Organelles http://esg-www.mit.edu:8001/esgbio/cb/organelles.html http://esg-www.mit.edu:8001/esgbio/cb/organelles.html Why Are There Organelles? http://iip.ucsd.edu/Step/projects95/cellular.Organelles/WHY.HTM http://iip.ucsd.edu/Step/projects95/cellular.Organelles/WHY.HTM Cellular Organelles http://iip.ucsd.edu/Step/projects95/cellular.Organelles/CELLS.HTM http://iip.ucsd.edu/Step/projects95/cellular.Organelles/CELLS.HTM Microfilaments and Microtubules--The Cytoskeleton http://www-class.unl.edu/bios201/group6/cytoskel.html http://www-class.unl.edu/bios201/group6/cytoskel.html Eukaryotic Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane http://www.bio.mtu.edu/campbell/eukaryot.htm http://www.bio.mtu.edu/campbell/eukaryot.htm The Nucleus, Nucleolus, Nuclear Envelope, and everything you ever wanted to know about DNA (but were afraid to ask) http://www-class.unl.edu/bios201/group6/nucleus.html http://www-class.unl.edu/bios201/group6/nucleus.html Lysosomes http://www-class.unl.edu/bios201/group6/lyso.html http://www-class.unl.edu/bios201/group6/lyso.html The Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum http://www-class.unl.edu/bios201/group6/er.html http://www-class.unl.edu/bios201/group6/er.html The Endoplasmic Reticulum http://lenti.med.umn.edu/~mwd/back/cell_www/chapter2/ER.html http://lenti.med.umn.edu/~mwd/back/cell_www/chapter2/ER.html The Golgi Bodies http://www-class.unl.edu/bios201/group6/golgi.html http://www-class.unl.edu/bios201/group6/golgi.html Centrioles http://www-class.unl.edu/bios201/group6/centrio.html http://www-class.unl.edu/bios201/group6/centrio.html Mitochondria http://www-class.unl.edu/bios201/group6/mitochon.html http://www-class.unl.edu/bios201/group6/mitochon.html

10. Blood Cells Blood cells: Blood cells: Erythrocyte (red blood cells) Erythrocyte (red blood cells) Leukocyte (white blood cells) Leukocyte (white blood cells) Thrombocyte (platelet cells) Thrombocyte (platelet cells) Originate: Originate: All blood cells are created in bone marrow. All blood cells are created in bone marrow. Stem cells divide in the marrow. Stem cells divide in the marrow.

11. White Blood Cells Leucocytes: Neutrophils 40 - 75 % Neutrophils 40 - 75 % Lymphocytes 20 - 50 % Lymphocytes 20 - 50 % Eosinophils 5 % Eosinophils 5 % Monocytes 1 - 5 % Monocytes 1 - 5 % Basophils 0.5 % Basophils 0.5 %

12. Lymphocytes -Make up a large part of the immune defense system. -Act in response to antigenic stimulation. -Are found in the bloodstream, lymphatic tissues and organs of the lymphatic system. -Consist of B and T cells, NK cells B cells initiate Humoral immunity Synthesize and secrete antibodies Kill off Bacteria T cells initiate Cell-mediated immunity Secrete cytokines Cytolytic T cells automatically kill infected cells http://www.cellsalive.com/antibody.htm

13. Lymphocytes cont… Natural Killer Cells - Natural Killer Cells - Lack antigen receptors - Lack antigen receptors -Regulate the production of blood cells -Regulate the production of blood cells

14. B Lymphocytes -All B cell lymphocytes have a specific receptor for specific antigens. BCR is the unique protein that helps activate B cells, creates the specific binding sites, and allows B cells to recognize other lymphocytes. -Helps neutralize the microbe. -Activates phagocytes -Macrophages are antigen presenting cells Present antigens to B and T cells -Two main types of B cells Memory cells Formed from activated B cells Longer life, ready to respond to repeated exposure to a particular antigen. Plasma cells Larger B cells that secrete large amounts of antibodies Antibodies bind to microbes making them easier for phagocytes to attack.

15. B Lymphocytes cont… -B cells can encounter the antigen when it is soluble (lymph or bloodstream) -Naive B cells are throughout the body at all times -Secreting low levels of antibodies -Secreting low levels of antibodies -Activated by T cells -Many antigens are T-dependant -Require the combination of B and T cells for “co-stimulation” -Activation of the highest level of antibody production http://www.cellsalive.com/antibody.htm http://www.cellsalive.com/antibody.htmhttp://www.cellsalive.com/antibody.htm

16. “Medical game-plan” -Results from initially testing shows three large tumors present. - Each tumor is located within the lymphatic system, specifically on the lymph nodes. -Results from the blood work showed a decrease in the level of white blood cells, which is usual. The tests showed that the patients platelet level is way down. -I recommend an immediate platelet transfusion, and to keep a close watch on the status of white blood cells. -These initial results are leading me to believe you will require stem cell transplant from a matching donor after you undergo radiation and chemotherapy to control the growth of present tumors. -I am going to create an official report and have all this report reviewed by our medical staff for second opinions. I will also make sure all Doctor’s have received a copy of the results from your blood work and CAT scan.

17. References Becker, Kleinsmith, Harden. (2000). The world of the cell. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Blood: The river of life. 2001 July. Retrieved April 30, 2007 from the world wide web: http://library.thinkquest.org/C0115080/?c=wbc http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/3dcell.htm http://www.cellsalive.com/cell_cycle.htm