1. Using Well Logs (e-logs) in the Petroleum industry Earth Science World

2. Context First exposure to well logs - petroleum industry. Well logs are proxies for stratigraphic sections. Identify lithology. Represent stratigraphic sections. Lithostratigraphic correlation. Concepts Porosity & permeability re-visited. Rocks contain fluids – salty water or petroleum. Density stratification of fluids in rocks. Depositional models paramount in petroleum industry. Practicality of sedimentary geology ---> jobs. Materials Borowski - SERC on-line materials. 1-inch well logs purchased from a log broker, Cambe.

3. Exercise components Lithology via well logs – shale vs. unconsolidated sand. Formation fluids – brine vs. petroleum (oil). Reinforces concept of porosity and permeability. Lithostratigraphic correlation using well logs as proxy. Concept of oil/water contact – density stratification. Calculate elevation of strata – datum, sea level. Structural cross section & structural trap. Test concept of horizontal oil/water contact. Necessity for geologists and use of depositional models in petroleum industry. Let’s run through the exercise!!

4. Chandeleur Sound Block 25 Field St. Bernard Parish, LA BB Sand - deltaic EODs 40 MMBO Hyne (2000) Venice BB Sand (Tex. “L”) ~ 9 Ma John et al. (2003)

5. Base map

6. SP shallow deep amplified shale baseline Interpreting logs SP –spontaneous potential Passive tool Voltage between sensors High (+) – impermeable - shale Low (-) – permeable – non-shale Shale baseline – connect far- right readings Readings left of baseline Admixtures of coarser grains w/ shale Interbedding of sand & shales – different thickness

7. Resistivity Deep- & shallow-reading curves (sensor spacing) Amplified curve Rock fluid content Water in pore spaces with increasing residence time - increase [ dissolved ions ] Brines – high conductivity – low resistivity Low resistivity – brine – left High resistivity – HC? – right SP shallow deep amplified

8. Depth 1 inch = 100 feet 10 divisions each 100 feet each division = 10 feet Interval 5123’ – 5200’ MD Dominant lithology = unconsolidated sand Interbeds of sand & shale SP curve kicks left away from shale baseline

9. Interval 5123’ – 5200’ MD Deep (left) and shallow (right middle) read low R (high conductivity) Consistent with brine

10. Defining the reservoir sand BB sand & BB marker (EODs) Atlantic S/L 4542 #14 Marine shale – delta avulsion Delta lobe Sheet sand – delta subsidence Crevasse splay Distributary mouth bar

11. Matching well log curves Find the correlation in the #4 well, using information from the #14.

12. curves Do this correlation for all wells in the cross section.

13. Identifying brine and petroleum High resistivity zone at top of BB Sand Higher resistivity is inconsistent with brine, but consistent with oil (low conductivity). Bottom of high R is at ~5285 MD. Brine occurs below – low resistivity = high conductivity. Top = 5272 MD, bottom = 5285 MD Thickness = ~13’ oil High R Atlantic S/L 4542 #4

14. Color-coding lithology and fluid content Atlantic S/L 4542 #4 sand shale oil water yellow brown green blue

15. Correlating the reservoir across the field Well log correlation mimics lithostratigraphic correlation.

16. Correlated cross section

17. Petroleum patterns Oil always occurs atop salty water in the field wells. This occurs within pore spaces of the reservoir rock due to density difference between oil and water  oil <  water Atlantic S/L 4542 #4

18. Petroleum patterns Pore space in rocks is filled either with water, cement (i.e., calcium carbonate, CaCO 3 ), or petroleum. Almost always water is first within pore spaces and must be displaced by migrating oil. This process can be modeled by thinking of an upside- down bowl within a tub of water that is injected with salad oil. Thought experiment or demonstration? Horizontal oil/water contact

19. Calculating elevation IRT sea level Kelly bushing (KB) – measured depth = elevation IRT elevation target sea level Atlantic 4542 #4 25’ – 5287’ = 5262’ subsea O/W contact Now determine the bottom of oil in each well and determine its subsea elevation, showing your calculation at the bottom of each well log on the cross section.

20. Testing a hypothesis Given our experiment, the oil/water contact should be horizontal within Chandeleur Sound Block 25 Field. This means that the contact should be at the same elevation. Is it? Look most closely at the 4542 #4 well and compare its oil/water contact to that of the #3 and 4545 #4 wells. Give plausible reasons why this is or isn’t so.

21. Testing a hypothesis Look most closely at the 4542 #4 well and compare its oil/water contact to that of the #3 and 4545 #4 wells. 4542 #4 4542 #3 4545 #4 ~ -5262’ ~ -5270’ ~ -5272’ oil/water contact elev. Elevation of oil/water contacts differs by at least 10’; maximum is ~ 33’ (#1 : #4 wells).

22. Testing a hypothesis Give plausible reasons why the contacts may be different. E.g., different compartments with sand reservoir.

23. Need for geology & geologists in the petroleum industry The vertical (stratigraphic) and lateral distribution of permeable reservoir rock is dependent upon the depositional environment of that rock. Use depositional models to assess and predict: reservoir quality (  & k) reservoir thickness reservoir compartments. All figures after Reading (1978)

24. Summary Serves as an introduction to well logging, proxy interpretation, & the petroleum industry. More advanced exercise concerning detailed e-log interpretation loaded for this workshop. My Petroleum Geology materials also available as handouts. Please do hesitate to contact me concerning improvements (w.borowski@eku.edu). www.icdp-online.org www.logwell.com

25. Completed cross section - left

26. Completed cross section -right

27. Completed cross section