1. Livestock production and mycotoxins in Nandi County BY ERASTUS K. KANG’ETHE 1 ; GATWIRI MURITHI 2 AND CHRISTINE MBURUGU-MUSOTI 2 1, University of Nairobi 2, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology 1 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

2. Nandi County sites KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 2

3. Nandi County Sites Nandi North /Central lies between 1,300m to 2,500m above the sea level in the highlands. receives mean rainfall of between 1,200-2,000mm per yea - bimodal. Kipkaren and Kabiyet are ideal for maize and wheat cultivation. The climate is ideal for dairy activities. Maize sufficient. KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 3

4. Nandi county Nandi Central rises from 1,400m along the border with Nyando district to 2,400m above sea level in the highlands Upper Highland (UH) Lower Highlands (LH1- 2) and Upper Midlands (UM1-2). Nandi South is a maize deficit zone despite being 68% arable and having good climate KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 4

5. Livestock statistics Family size 5.9 greater than National average 4.6 Average number of cows per household 3.0 in Kaptumo, 4.1 in Kipkarren and 4.4 in Kilibwoni Milk production per cow per day was 2.9 l Kipkarren; 4.3, Kaptumo and 3.1l in Kilibwoni Ratio of milking to total females 1:1.2 5 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

6. Mycotoxins Mycotoxins are produced by specific genera of fungi – Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium spp. The toxigenic fungi can invade crops during pre- and post harvest periods producing toxins. Toxin production is favored by environmental conditions - temperature, moisture, water activity, relative humidity KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 6

7. Mycotoxins Fungi normally grow between 10 - 40 0 C, pH between 4-8, Aw below 0.70. Some of the metabolites have been used as therapeutic agents - fumagillin, fusaric acid, and mycophenolic acid. Dispute as to why fungi produce the mycotoxins – anti- insect and anti –rodent agents while others think are reactions to agricultural biocides KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 7

8. Mycotoxins Diversity of mycotoxins depends on interactions of a number of factors which include: types of substrate, moisture content, available nutrition, temperature, humidity, maturity of the fungal colony, co occurrence with other fungi, competition from other microorganisms, stress factors, physical damage of the substrate etc. KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 8

9. Household selection Criterion Dairy farming, growing maize, millet and sorghum Child under five years, pregnant spouse 255 households selected 62 Kilibwoni 98 Laboret 96 Chepkongongy KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 9

10. Livestock Keeping in Nandi ( KNBS 2009) CattleSheepGoats National wide17,467,77417,129,15327,740, 153 Sub county Nandi North255,881529,492219,394 Nandi Central85,19834,6805,220 Nandi South68,15522,28014,340 10 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

11. Livestock Numbers CattleKipkarrenKilibwoniKaptumo Breed Improved384224210 Local93575 Total393259285 Sex Male978198 Female302195186 Total399276284 Age Cohort Suckling956956 Nullipara594365 Productive221159158 Total375271279 11 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

12. Livestock Numbers SheepKipkarenKilibwoniKaptumo Breed Improved1341046 Local18742 Total1521788 Sex Male26723 Female1141266 Total1401989 Age Cohort Suckling16326 Nullipara14410 Productive 1141050 Total1441786 12 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

13. Livestock Numbers GoatsKipkarenKilibwoniKaptumo Breed Improved720 Local8148 Total15168 Sex Male5122 Female1046 Total15168 Age Cohort Suckling040 Nullipara1273 Productive355 Total15168 13 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

14. Aflatoxins and Fumonisins Fungal SpeciesMycotoxins Aspergillus sppAflatoxins, Fusarium sppFumonisins, ZEN, DON, Trichothecenes Claviceps sppErgot alkaloids KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 14

15. Aflatoxin and fumonisins Distribution (Continent)Toxin Africa and Asian Sub continent Aflatoxin AustraliaAflatoxin and Fumonisin North AmericaAflatoxin, Ochratoxin, Zearalenone (ZEN) and Deoxynivalenol (DON) South AmericaAflatoxin, Fumonisins, Ochratoxin ZEN, DON, Eastern EuropeZEN and DON Western EuropeOchratoxin, ZEN and DON KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 15

16. Sources of mycotoxins Growing pasture –fungal contamination of grasses Silage Hay, straw and Maize stovers About 25% of the worlds cereals are contaminated by aflatoxins (FAO, 1987, CAST 1989) KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 16

17. Husbandry practices Husbandry Practice Kipkaren (%)Kilibwoni (%)Kaptumo (%) Zero grazing 0.011.60.0 Semi-Zero grazing 1.716.9 Pasture 31.220.230.6 Tethering 6.012.027.8 17 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

18. Husbandry Practices HusbandryKipkaren (%)Kilibwoni (%)Kaptumo (%) Dairy meal21.839.135.3 Maize or wheat bran12.537.512.5 Maize germ11.10.055.6 Wheat germ0.0 60.0 Pollard0.0 100.0 Maize stovers27.121.414.1 Rice/wheat/ other straws100.00.0 Spoilt maize grain35.830.130.9 Hay0.03.06.1 Napier15.228.032.6 Free range30.014.118.5 Others10.341.134.9 18 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

19. Feed Sources Source Kipkaren (%)Kilibwoni (%)Kaptumo (%) Buy17.729.331.5 Grow26.324.222.5 Crop residues14.227.722.3 Exchange for milk/manure/draught0.0 Other36.813.22.6 19 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

20. Effects of aflatoxin : Cattle Clinical signs seen in cattle fed contaminated feeds - chronic exposure Target organ is the Liver Reduced weight gain Reduced feed conversion efficiency Reduced milk production (33 % Masri et al 1969) Decreased feed intake Reduced fertility (2%, Gutherie 1979) Increased susceptibility to diseases 20 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

21. Effects of aflatoxin: Poultry Poultry are the most susceptible to aflatoxin among the livestock with ducks being the most among poultry. Clinical signs include:- Reduced feed intake Reduced egg production Reduced hatchability of eggs Poor egg shell quality Leg problems – rickets Carcass condemnation - bruising 21 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

22. Effects of aflatoxin: swine Feeding system in pigs can increased incidences of introduction of aflatoxins- wet feeding systems Clinical signs in piggery include:- Reduced feed intake Reduced growth rate Lower sow productivity – 800ppb –fewer piglets born live /weaned Liver damage Vit E (mulberry heart disease) and A deficiency (inco- ordination and hind legs paralysis) 22 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

23. Effects of aflatoxin in swine Depressed immune response – reduced phago cytosis by 36% - in vitro tests with pig cells given 100ng/ml of AFB1, reduced antibody and interleukin production (Liu et al 2002). 23 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

24. Effects of aflatoxin in Horses Live longer in farms than other livestock 300ppb cause death Loss of weight, Poor body condition Reduced fertility Liver necrosis Immune suppression. 24 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013

25. Aflatoxin in Animal feeds Sub CountySource Levels of Aflatoxin Negativ e Less than 5 ppb Greater than 5 ppb Kipkarren Farm (n=108)46.351.91.9 Market (n=1)0.0100.00.0 Kilibwoni Farm (n=36)41.750.08.3 Market(n=3)66.733.30.0 Kaptumo Farm (n=57)40.457.91.8 Market (n=2)50.0 0.0 Makindu Central Market (n=2)50.00.050.0 Total209 44.052.63.3 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 25

26. Aflatoxin in Milk KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 26

27. Fumonisins in Feeds Sub CountySourceLevels of Fumonisin Negative (%) < 2ppm> 2 ppm Kipkarren Farm (n=108) 1.970.427.8 Market (n=1) 0.0100.00.0 Kilibwoni Farm (n=36) 8.380.611.1 Market(n=3) 0.033.366.7 Kaptumo Farm (n=57) 3.566.729.8 Market (n=2) 0.0100.00.0 Makindu Central Market (n=2) 0.0 100.0 Total 3.370.326.3 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 27

28. Fumonisin effects in Livestock  Equine leucoencephalomalacia  Porcine pulmonary edema o Liver toxicity  Reduced weight gain  Reduced reproductive efficiency  Reduced milk and egg production  Increased susceptibility to stress and d’se infections  Disruption of lipid metabolism KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 28

29. Economic impacts  Aflatoxin residues in milk  2% of the dietary aflatoxin will be converted into AFM1  There are over 1.5M smallholder farmers who produce the bulk of the 4.07Million tonnes (FAO, 2009)  Per capita Consumption of 145 liters (CGIAR, 2008)  Source of chronic exposure  This could hinder trade –non tariff barrier. KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 29

30. Economic Impact of Mycotoxins  Aflatoxin found in eggs  The ratio of transmission of aflatoxin B1 in feed to eggs and muscle has been shown to be 5000:1 (Oliveira et al 2000, Bintvihok et al2002)  No data on prevalence of aflatoxin in eggs in Kenya KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 30

31. Control Knowledge- Use of spoilt maize Knowledge – Safety of milk of Aflatoxin contaminated feed SafetyLaboret n=101) Kilibwon i (n=63) Chepkon gony (n=97) Yes51.576.272.2 No13.920.614.4 Don’t Know 34.73.213.4 KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 31

32. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Ministry of Foreign Affairs Finland, MTT and University of Nairobi SFSD Team Thank you KVA RV Branch CPD Meeting Kitale 28th November 2013 32