1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY AND CARBOHYDRATES BY DR. MARYJANE

2. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes and transformations in living organisms

3. Biochemistry is the study of the structure and function of cellular components, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules

4. AMINO ACIDS BY DR. MARYJANE

5. INTRODUCTION There are about 300 amino acids that occur in nature but only 20 of them are found in proteins. Each amino acids has the following four groups or atoms attached to the alpha (α) carbon: 1. amino group (NH₂) 2. carboxyl group (COOH) 3. hydrogen atom (H) 4. distinctive side chain or radical group (R)

6. STUCTURE OF AMINO ACIDS

7. Showing you how the R group varies

9. All amino acids can either be: 1. D- amino acids, i.e., the amino group is attached to the right of the α-carbon. This is found in some antibiotics and bacteria cell walls 2. L-amino acid, i.e., the amino group is attached to the left of the α-carbon. This is found in proteins. These two forms are called stereoisomers or enantiomers

12. Classification according to charge and polarity  Amino acids with Nonpolar side chains or R-groups  Amino acids with Polar side chains:  a. uncharged polar side chains  b. acidic side chains  c. basic side chains

13. Nonpolar side chains

15. CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACIDS A. Amino acids with nonpolar side R- Groups. Glycine (Gly) Alanine (Ala) Valine (Val) Leucine(Leu) Isoleucine (Ile) Phenylalanine (Phe) Tryptophan (Trp) Methionine (Met) Proline (Pro) Proline differs from the other amino acids in that it the α-amino N form a rigid, five membered ring structure and also contains a secondary amino group rather than a primary amino group. Therefore it is frequently referred to as an imino acid

16. Imino acid proline

17. AMINO ACIDS WITH POLAR R- GROUPS Amino acids with uncharged polar R-Groups: Serine Threonine Tyrosine Asparagine Glutamine cysteine

18. Disulfide bond The side chain of cysteine contains a sulfhydryl group (-SH). The –SH group of two cysteines can become oxidized to form cystine which contains a covalent cross link called disulfide bond (-S-S-).

19. C. Amino acids with acidic R- Groups: are proton donors & negatively charged at physiologic pH Aspartic acid (Asp) Glutamic acid (Glu)

20. D. amino acids with basic R- Groups: are proton acceptors & positively charged at physiologic pH Histidine (His) Lysine (Lys) Arginine (Arg) Histidine and arginine are needed in growing children

21. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE AMINO ACID STRUCTURE. Can either be aromatic or aliphatic A. aromatic amino acids B. aliphatic amino acids

22. Aromatic amino acids  Phenylalanine: contains a benzene ring  Tyrosine: contains a phenol group  Tryptophan: contains a heterocyclic structure, indole

23. Amino Acids Abbreviations

24. Nutritional classification of amino acids  Essential amino acids  Non essential amino acids

25. Essential amino acids  Arginine  Histidine  Isoleucine  Leucine  Threonine  Lysine  Methionine  Phenyalanine  Tryptophan  Valine  Histidine and arginine are essential only for periods when cell growth exceeds production such as during childhood

26. Non essential amino acids  Tyrosine  Glycine  Alanine  Cysteine  Serine  Aspartate  Asparagine  Glutamate  Gutamine  proline

27. METABOLIC CLASSIFICATION Are classified according to their metabolic fate in the body into Glucogenic amino acid Ketogenic amino acid Both glucogenic and ketogenic amino acid

28. ketogenic amino acids: these gives ketone bodies. Leucine and Lysine are the only ketogenic amino acid. glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids: these gives both ketone bodies and glucose. They are: phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan and isoleucine. glucogenic amino acids: it gives glucose. They include the rest of amino acids not included in the 1 st and 2 nd groups, they are: alanine, valine, proline, methionine, glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, asparagine, glutamine, aspartate, glutamic acid, arginine and histidine.

29. FUNCTIONS OF AMINO ACIDS. A. structural functions: these are amino acids found in the structure of: 1. body peptides and proteins: e.g., plasma proteins, tissue proteins, enzymes etc. 2. hormones; some hormones are amino acid derivatives e.g., thyroxine and catecholamines. 3. amines; some amino acids give corresponding amines by decarboxylation e.g. histidine gives histamine. B. Neurotransmitters: some amino acids, glutamate acts as neurotransmitters. C. Detoxification: some amino acids are used in detoxification reactions e.g., glycine D. Health and growth: essential amino acids support growth in infants and maintain health in adults.

30. Tyrosine  Tyrosine is involved in the synthesis of: Dopamine  Catecholamines-Epinephrine,nor epinephrine,dopamine  Chemical messengers-Transmit impulses across the neurons in the brain and onward to the muscles  Control muscle movement

31. Tyrosine  Nor Epinephrine

32. Tyrosine  Melanin  Tyrosinase-Deficiency-Albinism

33. Phenylalanine Epinephrine Phenylalanine

34. Tryptophan Tryptophan is involved in the synthesis of: Melatonin Serotonin Niacin