1. Chapter 12 Sound Hr Physics

2. Sound  Vibrations in matter. No one need be around to hear it.  Composed of Compressions & Rarefactions.  Compressions are regions of high molecular density and high pressure.  Rarefactions are regions of low molecular density and low pressure.  There is no sound in vacuum

4. Tone vs Noise  A Tone is a regular repeating vibration.  Noise is irregular messed up vibrations.

5. Pitch  Pitch is the highness or lowness of a tone and depends upon the number of cycles/sec (frequency). Audible – 20 to 20 000 Hz Audible – 20 to 20 000 Hz Less than 20 Hz – infrasonic Less than 20 Hz – infrasonic Greater than 20 000 Hz – ultrasonic Greater than 20 000 Hz – ultrasonic  Quality of sound depends upon the number and strength of the harmonics. Why one instrument sounds different than another when playing the same note.

7. Speed of Sound  Depends on medium.  Solids faster than liquids faster than gases. Generally. Generally.

16. Intensity of a Spherical Wave intensity = P 4 π r 2 4 π r 2 intensity = __(power) (4π) (distance from source) 2 (4π) (distance from source) 2

17. Concept Check Calculate the intensity of the sound waves from an electric guitar's amplifier at a distance of 5.0 m when its power output is equal to each of the following values: a. 0.25 W b. 0.50 W c. 2.0 W

18. Concept Check a. 8.0 x 10 -4 W/m 2 b. 1.6 x 10 -3 W/m 2 c. 6.4 x 10 -3 W/m 2

19. Concept Check At a maximum level of loudness, the power output of a 75-piece orchestra radiated as sound is 70.0 W. What is the intensity of sound waves to a listener who is sitting 25.0 m from the orchestra?

20. Concept Check 8.91 x 10 -3 W/m 2

21. Concept Check If the intensity of a person's voice is 4.6 x 10 -7 W/m 2 at a distance of 2.0 m, how much sound power does that person generate?

22. Concept Check 2.3 x 10 -5 W

23. Concept Check How much power is radiated as sound from a band whose intensity is 1.6 x 10 -3 W/m 2 at a distance of 15 m?

24. Concept Check 4.5 W

25. Concept Check The power output of a tuba is 0.35 W. At what distance is the sound intensity of the tuba 1.2 x 10 -3 W/m 2 ?

26. Concept Check 4.8 m

29. Resonance  A vibrating string on a guitar transmits its vibrations to the bridge of the guitar and the bridge transfers the vibrations to the body (sympathetic vibrations).  Guitar body has a larger area, so vibrations are transferred to the air more efficiently.  Intensity is increased and duration is decreased.  Vibrations at the natural frequency (depends on length) produce resonance. Large amplitude of vibration. Large amplitude of vibration.

31. Harmonics  Standing waves create harmonics.  The fundamental frequency of a harmonic series is the lowest frequency of vibration or f 1 = v 2L  All subsequent harmonics are integral multiples of the fundamental frequency.  Harmonic Series of a Vibrating String f n = n v n = 1, 2, 3,... 2L

33. Harmonics of Open Pipe Resonators  Functions just like a string fixed at both ends, so f n = n v n = 1, 2, 3,... 2L

35. Harmonics of Closed Pipe Resonators f = n v n = 1, 3, 5,.... 4L 4L

36. Concept Check What is the fundamental frequency of a 0.20 m long organ pipe that is closed at one end, when the speed of sound in the pipe is 352 m/s?

37. Concept Check 440 Hz

38. Concept Check A flute is essentially a pipe open at both ends. The length of a flute is approximately 66.0 cm. What are the first three harmonics of a flute when all keys are closed, making the vibrating air column approximately equal to the length of the flute? The speed of sound in the flute is 340 m/s.

39. Concept Check 260 Hz, 520 Hz, 780 Hz

40. Concept Check What is the fundamental frequency of a guitar string when the speed of waves on the string is 115 m/s and the effective string lengths are as follows: a. 70.0 cm b. 50.0 cm c. 40.0 cm

41. Concept Check a. 82.1 Hz b. 115 Hz c. 144 Hz

42. Concept Check A violin string that is 50.0 cm long has a fundamental frequency of 440 Hz. What is the speed of the waves on the string?

43. Concept Check 440 m/s