1. Edmund Bertschinger MIT Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research The Cosmic Menu of Dark Matter and Dark Energy

2. 2 Contents of the Universe Today Credit: NASA/ GSFC

3. 3 Observations of the Early Universe: Fossil Relics Galaxies Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Atoms, Dark Matter and Dark Energy

4. 4 The Most Distant Galaxies Observed with Hubble animations animations

5. 5 Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Discovery 1965 Penzias & Wilson AT&T Bell Labs 1978 Nobel Prize 2003: Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)

6. 6 A Cosmic Sonogram The Big Bang began with a burst of near- exponential expansion: cosmic inflation Quantum mechanical fluctuations in energy made ripples in the gas AnimationAnimation Fluctuations in radiation == Sound waves!  Light as sound?! Yes! Cosmic redshift: Doppler shift in an expanding universe

7. 7 Dark Matter and Dark Energy Dark Matter: Invisible stuff that gravity draws into galaxies. Crucial element of galaxy formation. Dark Energy: Invisible stuff that gravity does not draw into galaxies. Instead, this substance accelerates the recent expansion of the Universe. To date the sole evidence for these substances comes from astrophysics. Despite their similar names, they probably are completely unrelated.

8. 8 Dark Matter Exists around Galaxies Although diffuse, dark matter is crucial for galaxy formation Credits: Left: J. Kormendy (NGC 4216). Right: K. Begeman (NGC 3198) and K. Freeman GM(r)=rV c 2 (r) Dark matter

9. 9 How did Galaxies Form? Seed Fluctuations from Early Universe  Inflationary epoch: 10 -35 s after Big Bang  Two outcomes: large flat universe, quantum fluctuations Gravitational Amplification Dark Matter  Inferred for 50 years, not yet detected on earth  Crucial for galaxy formation! Atomic matter  Only 5% of the mass-energy in the Universe, but all that we directly see!

10. 10 Matthias Steinmetz

11. 11 What is the Dark Matter? Elementary particles with low thermal speed, otherwise could not seed galaxy formation Not atomic matter (primordial nucleosynthesis) or neutrinos (too light, too hot) Consensus view: Cold, very weakly interacting particles  A new heavy spin-1/2 particle (“neutralino”)?  Large Hadron Collider, 2007-8  A new ultralight spin-0 field (“axion”)?  Searches are underway!

12. 12 Dark Matter and Dark Energy Dark Matter: Invisible stuff that gravity draws into galaxies. Crucial element of galaxy formation. Dark Energy: Invisible stuff that gravity does not draw into galaxies. Instead, this substance accelerates the recent expansion of the Universe. To date the sole evidence for these substances comes from astrophysics. Despite their similar names, they probably are completely unrelated.

13. 13 Dark Energy Drives Galaxies Apart Kinetic Energy + Gravitational Energy = Constant For sphere of radius R(t), v(t) = dR/dt, R(t)m M(t) Dark Energy dilutes little or not at all as it expands! or  v increases as R and t increase, acceleration!

14. 14 Science Breakthrough of 1998: Dark Energy m  M = log(Distance) z = Redshift = Velocity Acceleration Deceleration Acceleration Deceleration Credit: High-z Supernova Team

15. 15 What is the dark energy? A new fundamental field in the universe?  “Quintessence” – particles whose de Broglie wavelength is billions of light years! A cosmological constant?  Proposed by Einstein in 1917  Retracted as his “greatest blunder”  Energy density of empty space! Maybe General Relativity is wrong?  String theory might change gravity across the observable universe

16. 16 We don’t know what the dark energy is! But we want to find out! Why is the energy density of the vacuum so small, when virtual particles should make it huge? If not Huge, why not Zero? Why is dark energy comparably abundant to matter today, when it was negligible 10 billion years ago? Why now? What is the ultimate fate of our Universe?

17. 17 Additional Credits and Information Credits: Hubble Deep Field photo courtesy Space Telescope Science Institute WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) images courtesy NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Numerical simulation of galaxy formation (gas and dark matter) courtesy Mattias Steinmetz Books: Origins: Fourteen Billion Years of Cosmic Evolution, Neil deGrasse Tyson and Donald Goldsmith Just Six Numbers: The Deep Forces that Shape the Universe, Martin J. Rees An Introduction to Modern Cosmology, Andrew Liddle (advanced undergraduate textbook)