1. 1 Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation Colloquia—May 21, 2008 Kieran Boyle What makes the Proton Spin? Kieran Boyle

2. 2 Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation Colloquia—May 21, 2008 Kieran Boyle Outline How can we study the proton What’s inside the proton How are the proton’s properties composed of the stuff inside –Charge –Momentum –Spin Why we want to study this by colliding protons Results hair 10 -4 m

3. 3 Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation Colloquia—May 21, 2008 Kieran Boyle How can we look inside a proton? Consider X-rays With them, we can see our bone structure, but cannot see individual atoms Why? –The wavelength, in this case of the X rays, is too large To get better resolution, shrink the wavelength There are many examples of this –an electron microscope –Synchrotron light sources Can we use this to study the proton?

4. 4 Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation Colloquia—May 21, 2008 Kieran Boyle Looking inside the proton Yes, if the wavelength is small enough Small wavelength=large energy Therefore, shoot very high energy electrons at protons. The electron and proton interact via a very high energy, small wavelength photon (light) If at high enough energy, this photon can actually resolve the structure in the proton e-e- e-e-

5. 5 Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation Colloquia—May 21, 2008 Kieran Boyle What’s in a proton? This experiment has been done at numerous photon energies, and much is now known. The structure that is seen by the photon is made up of particles, called quarks. They are bound together by a force stronger than electromagnetism, and so was called the strong force. This force is propagated by a particle called a gluon. + - +

6. 6 Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation Colloquia—May 21, 2008 Kieran Boyle Sum of its Parts We know a lot about the proton (charge, spin, etc.) Can we understand how these properties arise from the quarks and gluons within? Charge: –Gluons carry no charge, and so add nothing –Therefore, we can effectively describe the charge as the sum of the quark charges + + -

7. 7 Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation Colloquia—May 21, 2008 Kieran Boyle Momentum Quick reminder: –What is momentum? –Momentum tells how much impact something will have, and depends on velocity (speed) and mass Dependence on Velocity you baseball Dependence on Mass fly truck baseball

8. 8 Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation Colloquia—May 21, 2008 Kieran Boyle Momentum How is the proton momentum the sum of its parts? –Maybe the quarks share the momentum equally? Actual answer is more complicated –quarks are continuously exchanging gluons, and so the momentum is continuously changing. In fact, only half of the proton momentum is carried by the quarks, with the gluons carrying the rest.

9. 9 Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation Colloquia—May 21, 2008 Kieran Boyle Spin What is spin? –Quantum mechanical analogy to angular momentum –Particles like the electron behave like there is something inside going around in a circle, but as far as we understand, there is no inside. –Proton also has spin, but it does have structure How is the proton spin the sum of its parts? –Maybe the quarks carry all the spin, and just balance to give the proton spin? Again, the answer is more complicated –When the quarks exchange gluons, the gluons can carry spin

10. 10 Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation Colloquia—May 21, 2008 Kieran Boyle Earlier results So what did we know? Quark spin contribution was well measured previously –Found to be only ~25% –expected to be ~65% Where did the spin go? –Maybe gluons? –From previous measurements, this was not well known Quarks Gluons

11. 11 Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation Colloquia—May 21, 2008 Kieran Boyle What does the photon see? We want to see the gluons to understand how they affect the proton’s porperties. Therefore, instead of a photon, we should use quarks and gluon. But quarks and gluons are bound in protons, and so we use another proton.

12. 12 Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation Colloquia—May 21, 2008 Kieran Boyle Colliding Polarized Protons The idea is that we understand what went in by understanding what came out We measure what comes out when the protons have the same or opposite spin. From this we can calculate an asymmetry, called A LL. A LL can then be studied to understand the effect of the gluon spin on the proton spin G2G2 GqGq q2q2 Hard Scattering Process 00  A LL ~ a gg *  G 2 + b gq *  G  q + c qq  q 2 vs.

13. 13 Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation Colloquia—May 21, 2008 Kieran Boyle The Results Data from 2005 and 2006. Clearly tell us a lot more about the gluon spin in the proton than previous measurements

14. 14 Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation Colloquia—May 21, 2008 Kieran Boyle So Does the Gluon Make the Proton Spin? Turn A LL into a constraint on the gluon spin contribution (  G) The result are significantly better than previous measurement, and indicate a small gluon spin previous uncertainty

15. 15 Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation Colloquia—May 21, 2008 Kieran Boyle Conclusions and Prospects The proton is composite, and so its properties must be the sum of its part. The quark spins only contribute a small fraction of the total proton spin. A LL can access the gluon spin contribution, which was previously not well known. 2005 and 2006 offer a significant constraint, and indicate a small gluon contribution, though it’s possible that the gluon does make up the missing spin. If it doesn’t, then we must understand how the quarks and gluons are moving around inside the proton, as this should make up the difference.