1. UMBC CMSC 331 Java Introduction to JAVA CMSC 331

2. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 2 Introduction Present the syntax of Java Introduce the Java API Demonstrate how to build –stand-alone Java programs –Java applets, which run within browsers e.g. Netscape –Java servlets, which run with a web server Example programs tested using Java on Windows and/or Unix

3. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 3 Why Java? It’s the current “hot” language It’s almost entirely object-oriented It has a vast library of predefined objects It’s platform independent (except for J++) –this makes it great for Web programming It’s designed to support Internet applications It’s secure It isn’t C++

4. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 4 Important Features of Java Java is a simple language (compared to C++). Java is a completely object-oriented language. Java programs can be multi-threaded. Java programs automatically recycle memory. Java is a distributed and secure language. Java is robust (potential errors are often caught). To make Java portable, so that they run on a variety of hardware, programs are translated into byte code which is executing by a Java Virtual Machine.

5. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 5 Historical notes ~1991, a group at Sun led by James Gosling and Patrick Naughton designed a language (code-named “Green”) for use in consumer devices such as intelligent TV “set-top” boxes and microwaves. –The design choices reflected the expectation of its use for small, distributed, and necessarily robust programs on a variety of hardware. –No customer was ever found for this technology. ~1993, Green was renamed “Oak” (after a tree outside Gosling’s office) and was used to develop the HotJava browser, which had one unique property: it could dynamically download programs (“applets”) from the Web and run them. “Oak” was already taken as a name for a computer language, so Gosling thought of the name Java in a coffee shop.

6. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 6 What is OOP? Object-oriented programming technology can be summarized by three key concepts: –Objects that provide encapsulation of procedures and data –Messages that support polymorphism across objects –Classes that implement inheritance within class hierarchies More on this later!

7. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 7 Applets, Servlets and applications An applet is a program designed to be embedded in a Web page and run in a web browser –Applets run in a sandbox with numerous restrictions; for example, they can’t read files A servlet is a program which runs in a web server and typically generates a web page. –Dynamically generated web pages are important and Java servlets are an alternative to using Basic (ASP), Python, specialized languages (PHP), and vendor specific solutions (e.g., Oracle) An application is a conventional program Java isn't a baby language anymore!

8. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 8 Building Standalone JAVA Programs (on UNIX) Prepare the file myProgram.java using any editor Invoke the compiler: javac myProgram.java This creates myProgram.class Run the java interpreter: java myProgram

9. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 9 Java Virtual Machine The.class files generated by the compiler are not executable binaries –so Java combines compilation and interpretation Instead, they contain “byte-codes” to be executed by the Java Virtual Machine –other languages have done this, e.g. UCSD Pascal, Prolog This approach provides platform independence, and greater security

10. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 10 HelloWorld Application public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello World!"); } Note that String is built in println is a member function for the System.out class Every standalone Java application must have a main method like public static void main(String[] args) { }

11. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 11 HelloWorld Application => cd java => ls HelloWorld.java => more HelloWorld.java public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello World!"); } => javac HelloWorld.java => java HelloWorld Hello World! =>

12. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 12 Java Applets The JAVA virtual machine may be executed under the auspices of some other program, e.g. a Web browser or server. Bytecodes can be loaded off the Web, and then executed locally. There are classes in Java to support this

13. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 13 Another simple Java program public class Fibonacci { public static void main(String args[ ]) { int first = 1; int second = 1; int next = 2; System.out.print(first + " "); System.out.print(second + " "); while (next < 5000) { next = first + second; System.out.print(next + " "); first = second; second = next; } System.out.println( ); }

14. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 14 Still another simple program /** * This program computes and prints the factorial of a number pass as an argument on the command line. Usage: java Factorial */ public class Factorial { // Define a class public static void main(String[] args) { // The program starts here if (!(args.length==1)) { // Right number of args? System.out.println("Usage: java Factorial "); } else { int input = Integer.parseInt(args[0]); // Get the user's input System.out.println(factorial(input)); // Call facorial method, print result } } // The main() method ends here public static double factorial(int x) {// This method computes x! if (x<0) return 0.0; // if input's bad, return 0 double fact = 1.0; // Begin with an initial value while(x>1) { // Loop until x equals 1 fact = fact*x; // multiply by x each time x = x-1; // and then decrement x } // Jump back to the star of loop return fact; // Return the result } // factorial() ends here } // The class ends here

15. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 15 Building Applets Prepare the file myProgram.java, and compile it to create myProgram.class Two ways to run applet program: –Invoke an Applet Viewer (e.g. appletviewer) on windows or unix and specify the html file –Using a browser (e.g., IE or Netscape), open an HTML file such as myProgram.html Browser invokes the Java Virtual Machine

16. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 16 HelloWorld.java import java.applet.*; public class HelloWorld extends Applet { public void init() { System.out.println("Hello, world!"); }

17. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 17 hello.html Hello, World

18. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 18 Running the Applet [3:43pm] linuxserver1 => pwd /home/faculty4/finin/www/java [3:43pm] linuxserver1 => ls HelloWorld.java hello.html [3:43pm] linuxserver1 => javac HelloWorld.java [3:43pm] linuxserver1 => ls HelloWorld.class HelloWorld.java hello.html

19. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 19 But that’s not right! The “Hello, World” was displayed by the HTML H1 tag… What’s going on? Applets do their output in a much more complicated way, using graphics. When an applet is loaded, by default, the paint method is called

20. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 20 Here’s a working version import java.applet.*; import java.awt.Graphics; import java.awt.Font; import java.awt.Color; public class HelloWorldApplet extends Applet { public void init() { System.out.println("Hello, world!"); } Font f = new Font("TimesRoman", Font.BOLD, 12); public void paint(Graphics g) { g.setFont(f); g.setColor(Color.red); g.drawString("Hello Again!", 1, 10); }

21. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 21 Java Servlets Most interesting web applications provide services, which requires invoking programs. More and more of the web consists of pages that are not statically created by human editors, but dynamically generated when needed by programs. How do we invoke these programs and what programming languages should we use? –CGI: Common Gateway Interface –Web servers with built in support for servlets written in Python, Lisp, Tcl, Prolog, Java, Visual Basic, Perl, etc. – ASP (Active Server Pages) is a scripting environment for Microsoft Internet Information Server in which you can combine HTML, scripts and reusable ActiveX server components to create dynamic web pages. –ASP begat PHP, JSP, … Java turns out to be an excellent language for servlets

22. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 22 A Servlet’s Job Read any data sent by the user –From HTML form, applet, or custom HTTP client Look up HTTP request information –Browser capabilities, cookies, requesting host, etc. Generate the results –JDBC, RMI, direct computation, legacy app, etc. Format the results inside a document –HTML, Excel, etc. Set HTTP response parameters –MIME type, cookies, compression, etc. Send the document to the client

23. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 23 Why Build Web Pages Dynamically? The Web page is based on data submitted by the user –E.g., results page from search engines and order-confirmation pages at on-line stores The Web page is derived from data that changes frequently –E.g., a weather report or news headlines page The Web page uses information from databases or other server-side sources –E.g., an e-commerce site could use a servlet to build a Web page that lists the current price and availability of each item that is for sale.

24. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 24 The Advantages of Servlets Over “Traditional” CGI Efficient –Threads instead of OS processes, one servlet copy, persistence Convenient –Lots of high-level utilities Powerful –Sharing data, pooling, persistence Portable –Run on virtually all operating systems and servers Secure –No shell escapes, no buffer overflows Inexpensive

25. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 25 Simple Servlet Template import java.io.*; import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; public class ServletTemplate extends HttpServlet { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { // Use "request" to read incoming HTTP headers // (e.g. cookies) and HTML form data (query data) // Use "response" to specify the HTTP response status // code and headers (e.g. the content type, cookies). PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); // Use "out" to send content to browser }

26. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 26 HelloWorld Servlet import java.io.*; import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; public class HelloWorld extends HttpServlet { public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); out.println("Hello World"); }

27. UMBC CMSC 331 Java 27 Summary Java is an object-oriented programming language. Java features make it ideally suited for writing network- oriented programs. Java class definitions and the programs associated with classes are compiled into byte code, facilitating portability. Java class definitions and the programs associated with them can be loaded dynamically via a network. Java programs can be multithreaded, thereby enabling them to perform many tasks simultaneously. Java does automatic memory management, relieving you of tedious programming and frustrating debugging, thereby increasing your productivity. Java has syntactical similarities with C and C++.