1. Leaf Structure and Photosynthesis Leaf structure Palisade cell Stoma Photosynthesis

2. Flowering Plants Roots Leaf Flower Stem

3. The Leaf Stalk Vein Lamina Midrib

4. The Leaf – Cross-section Vein Lamina Midrib Vein Lamina Stalk Extension of the stalk into the leaf Branch-off from the midrib The blade of the leaf Attaches the leaf to the stem

5. Leaf Structure Waxy cuticle Epidermis Palisade mesophyll layer Spongy mesophyll layer Epidermis Stomata Air space

6. Waxy Cuticle & Epidermis Waxy cuticle Epidermis The waxy cuticle is a thin layer atop the epidermis. Its function is to reduce the water lost from the leaf. In arid conditions this cuticle layer can be quite thick. Epidermis cells contain no chloroplasts – not true of the stoma cells. They form layers on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf. Their function is to prevent water getting out and stopping unwanted substances/organisms getting in.

7. Palisade Mesophyll Layer Palisade mesophyll layer The palisade mesophyll layer is where most of the photosynthesis occurs in the leaf. The palisade cells contain a lot of chloroplasts to help them perform this photosynthesis. The palisade cells are closely packed together to maximize light absorption. In the leaf cross-section we can see the palisade cells are only found in the upper part of the leaf.

8. Spongy Mesophyll Layer Spongy mesophyll layer The cells in the spongy mesophyll layer are not as closely packed as the cells in the palisade mesophyll layer. This creates air spaces inside the leaf to enable gases to move in and out. There are not as many chloroplasts in the spongy mesophyll cells as there are in the palisade mesophyll cells – but photosynthesis still occurs in the spongy mesophyll layer.

9. Stomata There are holes found in leaves called stoma. These holes allows gases to diffuse in and out of the leaves. The stoma are formed by two highly specialized epidermis cells. These cells, called guard cells, are the only epidermis cells that contain chloroplasts. The stoma open and close depending upon the requirements of the plant. It is through these stoma that water leaves the leaf, the process that powers transpiration.

10. Stomata Stomata openStomata closed During photosynthesis carbon dioxide diffuses in and oxygen diffuses out When the stomata are closed,often at night or in a humid environment, this stops gases diffusing in and out of the leaf

11. Key Words Waxy cuticle Stoma Air spaces Epidermis Palisade mesophyll cell Spongy mesophyll cell Waterproof layer atop the epidermis Pores that allow gaseous exchange Found in the spongy mesophyll layer, enable gases to reach the leaf cells One-cell thick outer layer of cells that prevent water loss from the leaf Contain numerous chloroplasts and are densely packed Loosely packed cells that do not contain as many chloroplasts as palisade cells

12. Photosynthesis Chloroplasts are organelles of plant cells that contain a green pigment called chlorophyll. Scientists believe chlorophyll absorbs light energy and this energy is then used to make food. The raw materials of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water. The waste product of this reaction is oxygen. The carbon dioxide required is absorbed through the stoma in the leaves – this is how the oxygen is also removed. The water required is absorbed by the roots. The word equation for this reaction is... The chemical equation for this reaction is... 6H 2 O + 6CO 2  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

13. Exercise 1: The Leaf 1. _____ 2. ______ 3. _______ Midrib Vein Lamina Stalk Extension of the stalk into the leaf The blade of the leaf Attaches the leaf to the stem Branch-off from the midrib Vein Lamina Midrib

14. Exercise 2: Label the Parts of a Plant 4. ______ 2. _______ 1. _______ 3. _____ Roots Leaves Flower Stem

15. Exercise 3: Label the Parts of a Plant Flower Roots Leaf Stem

16. Exercise 4: Leaf Structure 1. ___________ 2. ___________ 3. ______________________ 5. _____________________ 7. __________ 6. ________ 4. __________ Waxy cuticle Epidermis Palisade mesophyll layer Spongy mesophyll layer Epidermis Stomata Air space

17. Exercise 5: Link the Boxes Waxy cuticle Stoma Air spaces Waterproof layer atop the epidermis Pores that allow gaseous exchange Found in the spongy mesophyll layer, enable gases to reach the leaf cells

18. Exercise 6: Link the Boxes Epidermis Palisade mesophyll cell Spongy mesophyll cell Contain numerous chloroplasts and are densely packed, where most of the photosynthesis occurs Loosely packed cells that do not contain as many chloroplasts as palisade cells One-cell thick outer layer of cells that prevent water loss from the leaf

19. Exercise 7: Insert the Missing Words Chloroplasts are __________ of plant cells that contain a green substance called __________. Scientists believe chlorophyll absorbs _____ energy and this energy is then used to make _____. The raw materials of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and _____. This waste product of this reaction is _______. The carbon dioxide required is absorbed through the ______ in the leaves – this is how the oxygen is also removed. The water required is absorbed by the _____. rootsorganelles lightfood water chlorophyll oxygenstoma organelles chlorophyll light food wateroxygen stoma roots

20. Exercise 8: Short Questions - Photosynthesis 1.Which organelles in plant cells contain a green substance called chlorophyll? 2.Which two raw materials are required by green plants for photosynthesis? 3.What is the waste product of photosynthesis? 4. How does this waste product leave the plant during the day? 5.What process requires this waste product to enable green plants to release energy from their food? Chloroplasts Water and carbon dioxide Oxygen Through the stoma Respiration

21. Exercise 9: Short Questions – Plant Nutrition 1.What do we call the process whereby green plants make glucose using light energy and the raw materials carbon dioxide and water? 2.During the night many green plants perform another process whereby they release the energy from their food they have made. What do we call this process? 3.The sugar glucose, the product of photosynthesis, is changed to starch when it is being stored by the plant. Why? 4. What is the chemical formula of glucose? Photosynthesis Respiration Glucose is soluble in water, starch is insoluble in water. By storing the food starch it means it is easier for the plant to keep the food in the required place C 6 H 12 O 6

22. Exercise 10: Short Questions – Plant Nutrition 1.What is the word equation for photosynthesis? 2.What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? 3.Name the arrowed organelle. 4. Which substance does this organelle contain that allows green plants to absorb the Sun’s light energy for the process of photosynthesis? 6H 2 O + 6CO 2  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Chloroplast Chlorophyll