1. Policy Regimes and Organisational Contexts Gareth Parry David Smith

2. Three policy moments Corresponding to elite-mass-universal transitions: Robbins/Crosland and ‘places for all’ qualified by attainment in a binary system, with ‘an alternative route’ Baker/Clarke and ‘widening access’ ability to benefit in a post-binary system, with ‘recognised routes’ Dearing/New Labour and ‘widening participation’ potential to succeed in a differentiated and distributed system

3. Widening participation: ten years of high policy Specific: recruitment + retention outreach + partnership progression into + through admission + fair access sector + institution General: expanding and changing supply stimulating and shaping demand

4. Widening participation: a research-policy territory ‘Widening participation is taken to mean extending and enhancing access to and experience of HE, and achievement within HE, of people from so-called under-represented and diverse social backgrounds, families and groups and positively enabling such people to participate in and benefit from various types of HE.’ (ESRC 2005)

5. Widening participation: a research-policy territory ‘also … diversity in terms of ethnicity, gender, disability, and social background in particular disciplines, modes and institutions. In addition … access and participation across the ages, extending conceptions of learning across the lifecourse, and in relation to family responsibilities, particularly by gender and maturity.’ (ESRC 2005)

6. Widening participation: seven projects (2006-08) ‘Access to’: VET pathways (Oxford) ‘Experience of’: working class (Sunderland & Cambridge) ‘Achievement within’: mathematics (Manchester) ‘Diversity in’: dual sectors (Sheffield) ‘Benefit from’: inclusive pedagogy (Wolverhampton) ‘Across the’: lifecourse (Southampton) and 11 to 18 (IoE, IFS & LSE)

7. Furtherhigher education Significance of sectors for combining further and higher education: policy formation organisational development student transition

8. Findings and implications (1) Separate regimes for further and higher education have evolved despite the lack of a developed rationale for a two-sector system Further and higher education need to be regarded as parts of a common enterprise, with mechanisms to recognise and support this

9. Findings and implications (2) Policy development for dual-sector education is unstable and led by the sector bodies for higher education Further education colleges have still to be widely accepted as normal and necessary locations for higher education

10. Findings and implications (3) The primary attachment of an institution is to a sector, and relationships with another sector differ in kind and intensity Dual-sector organisations do not have a specific mission and a dual-sector identity is less evident than in some other systems

11. Findings and implications (4) Decisions to combine further and higher education are only partially informed by widening participation strategies Equity and skills agendas are not easily aligned, but require strong and strategic coordination

12. Findings and implications (5) The interfaces between further and higher education are configured in different ways and do not necessarily enhance internal progression An expansion of work-focused higher education will place new demands on the access and transfer functions of dual- sector institutions