1. Human Health Risk Assessment due to pharmaceutical chemical (meprobamate) in surface water Advisor- Prepared By-Advisor- Prepared By- Dr. Arun Kumar Sparsh Agarwal 2013cev2196Dr. Arun Kumar Sparsh Agarwal 2013cev2196 Alok Mishra 2013cev2180 Alok Mishra 2013cev2180

2. Introduction This study focuses on considerations for sensitive sub- populations using subpopulation-specific toxic endpoints, and on the use of finished drinking water pharmaceutical concentrations for assessing risks due to direct ingestion of water. Also, this study presents health risks estimates associated with pharmaceuticals exposure during accidental exposure of stream water and fish consumption during recreational activities. The pharmaceutical compound meprobamate was selected because it has been frequently detected in US waters and has toxic effects on pregnant women and children. Pharmaceutical-of-interest (chemical name is followed by chemical abstract service registry number) (Source: www.DrugBank.com; accessed July 25, 2009).

3. RISK ASSESSMENT Hazard Identification- Exposure Assessment- (1) Accidental ingestion of stream water during recreational activity and consumption of fish. (2) Direct ingestion of finished drinking water.

4. Event tree and minimal cutset

5. TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR REMOVAL OF PHARMACEUTICALS FROM WATER Conventional wastewater treatment facilities generally have activated sludge processes or other forms of biological treatment such as biofiltration. These processes have demonstrated varying removal rates for pharmaceuticals, ranging from less than 20% to greater than 90%. Free chlorine is able to remove up to approximately 50% of the pharmaceuticals investigated, whereas chloramines have lower removal efficiency. Advanced water treatment processes, such as ozonation, advanced oxidation, activated carbon and membranes (e.g. nanofiltration, reverse osmosis), are able to achieve higher removal rates (above 99%) for targeted pharmaceutical compounds in various studies in the published literature. Advanced water treatment processes, such as ozonation, advanced oxidation, activated carbon and membranes (e.g. nanofiltration, reverse osmosis), are able to achieve higher removal rates (above 99%) for targeted pharmaceutical compounds in various studies in the published literature.