1. My Time in CURENT Graham Treasure

2. Quick Recap First semester – Electrical theory – Introduction to programming – I already gave this talk Second Semester – Applications of knowledge from first semester – I will focus on this

3. Power Systems Consists of generators, loads, buses, and lines 3 Types of Buses – Swing Bus (Vθ) – Generator Bus (PQ) – Load Bus (PV) 4 Variables; but with a combination of buses, we can still obtain all of them

4. 4 Bus System from book ‘Power System Analysis’, John J. Grainger

5. Power Flow Calculation First, I learned to do it in Matlab using Power Systems Toolbox – This involves intensive tabulation of data Next, I learned to draw it as a one line diagram in PSAT

6. 9 Bus System

7. Dynamic Simulation How a power system responds to a fault We used three types – Line Fault – Bus Fault – Generator Trip This helps us find ways to improve power system stability. – Right now, we just simulated the response.

8. Line/Bus Fault These occur when a line or bus becomes grounded No change in generation/load System returns to its original state after the fault is cleared Faults generally do not last longer than five cycles (<0.1s) due to protection relays

9. Generator Trip This occurs when a generator goes offline – Overload, inspection, or just turned off Unlike bus/line faults, the system does not return to its original state Frequency oscillates until its new state Generator Trip vs. Load Shedding

10. Electric Physics Power and Voltage relation Once the limit is reached, the line trips and the whole system crashes – Leading to blackouts like the Northeast Blackout of 2003 Thus, we need to know the maximum load available at the load buses.

11. Main Project Given the 39 Bus New England Power System, determine which bus (in the Connecticut area is the most vulnerable.) This area is a load center, so any system crash will likely be on buses 4, 7, 8, 12, 31 (attached to 6)

12. How Start with the loadflow file of this system Alter the load for one bus Run a powerflow calculation ^^ All this can be recorded in Python and redone by simply altering and rerunning the program. Raise the load on the bus until the system diverges. – Then go back and forth until divergence is found within a 10 MW range

13. Main Project Simulations on PSSE for Buses Bus NumberBase Power (MW) Highest Power Tolerance (MW) Power Change (MW) 450028202320 7233.822602026.2 852226402118 128.521202111.5 319.214001390.8

14. WHY? When load in a system is increased, it generally affects the loads in proportion to the original voltage. SO to find the most vulnerable bus, we must increase the loads on all the buses in the system. The previous tests can give us a good starting point.

15. New Simulations Increased load in increments Per unit voltage can be determined in a loadflow calculation

16. Data As you can guess, copy and paste came in real handy.

17. Data

18. Pop Quiz: Why didn’t all of the voltages drop?

19. Answer: Some are generator buses! In power flow, the voltages of the generators are fixed. Not always the case in dynamics

20. Conclusion When the power flow of the system increases, we should watch bus 31, as it has the lowest load limit. – This does not mean other should be ignored – Loads can vary independently, so another bus may reach its limit first – This is based on a constant PQ load model. Thus, it is a preliminary test. The load may be modeled by current, impedance, induction motor, or a combination of them.