1. Science Processing Center Earth Science Vision: Platform Challenges Speaker: Loren Lemmerman Contributors: Kul Bhasin, GRC John Bristow, GSFC Robert Connerton,GSFC Kevin Delin, JPL Fred Hadeagh, JPL Michael Lou, JPL Michael Pasciuto, GSFC lemmerman: Key points: Acknowledge contributors Point out that this is really an overview to give some insight as to priorities for platform investments. Then point out what a platform really is: the system that provides support, comm and maintenance for instruments lemmerman: Key points: Acknowledge contributors Point out that this is really an overview to give some insight as to priorities for platform investments. Then point out what a platform really is: the system that provides support, comm and maintenance for instruments

2. Science Processing Center Current EOS Vantage Points o LEO Orbits (typically 705 km) o GEO orbits lemmerman: What you were told yesterday is that there is a new approach being planned in ESE that contrasts significantly from today’s situation, represented here. Whereas today, each mission exists primarily as an independent activity,... lemmerman: What you were told yesterday is that there is a new approach being planned in ESE that contrasts significantly from today’s situation, represented here. Whereas today, each mission exists primarily as an independent activity,...

3. Future EOS Vantage Points Future ESE mission will be integrated and will leverage multiple vantage points o Submersible o In Situ o Aircraft o Balloons o LEO Orbits o MEO o GEO orbits o Lunar o Libration points Science Processing Center lemmerman: …in the future, observations will be done by systems which are co- dependent. This cartoon is an attempt to represent that codependency, and shows some of the variability anticipated. lemmerman: …in the future, observations will be done by systems which are co- dependent. This cartoon is an attempt to represent that codependency, and shows some of the variability anticipated.

4. Platform Challenges are Multi- dimensional Formation flying New Points of Observation Integrated Sensor Webs o New orbits »Greater pointing accuracy Large structures o Formation Flying »Station keeping »Precision control o Sensor Web challenges »Space-based »Airborne based »Surface based »Subsurface based »Micro s/c »Autonomy lemmerman: The ese vision is already being supported by significant new advancements in sensor technology What is required is commensurate capability in the platforms supporting these advanced sensors There are three distinct dimensions of the platform challenge: 1. We will be flying many more constellations of s/c to accomplish a challenging measurement. This type of formation flying typically demands precision control on the platform elements. 2. We are also talking about observing from new orbits. This creates a totally new set of requirements, different from the precision formation flying. 3. Finally there is the rather new concept of integrated sensing systems consisting of surface / airborne/ and space assets working together as an integrated sensing system. What I will do, given the time constraints, is to give examples of challenges in each of these areas. lemmerman: The ese vision is already being supported by significant new advancements in sensor technology What is required is commensurate capability in the platforms supporting these advanced sensors There are three distinct dimensions of the platform challenge: 1. We will be flying many more constellations of s/c to accomplish a challenging measurement. This type of formation flying typically demands precision control on the platform elements. 2. We are also talking about observing from new orbits. This creates a totally new set of requirements, different from the precision formation flying. 3. Finally there is the rather new concept of integrated sensing systems consisting of surface / airborne/ and space assets working together as an integrated sensing system. What I will do, given the time constraints, is to give examples of challenges in each of these areas.

5. High Orbit Platform Challenges o GEO »Driven by physics, large apertures are required »Large Lightweight Power Systems »Precision Pointing Knowledge »Precision orbit control o L2 (Occultation) »Absolute pointing of 1 arc- sec »Knowledge to.25 arc-sec »Jitter <.5 arc-sec/sec Today: 12 m dia Future : 30 m dia lemmerman: I mention these in passing. Much more information on GEO SAR will be given later in papers this morning lemmerman: I mention these in passing. Much more information on GEO SAR will be given later in papers this morning

6. Formation Flying o Formation flying implications »Autonomy »Advanced GN&C »Precision metrology o Challenge »achieve and then maintain a geometrical configuration (a virtual structure) without human intervention »Provide precision metrology in the nanometer range o Example »For Gravity Field Mapping (EX-5/Grace Follow-on), position knowledge in the order of 100 nanometers will be required. lemmerman: Challenges in formation flying are represented here. lemmerman: Challenges in formation flying are represented here.

7. Sensor Web Integration Future: Seamless networking From ground to space Today: 4 s/c ‘train’ Terrestrial Internet Study Area scaled to 100 Km Example: regional fluxes of CO 2 Study Area scaled to 100 M Example: Canopy fluxes of CO 2 lemmerman: Here is a bit more data on the sensor web concept. The idea is that each type of observation is best suited to some specific type of observation area. Sensor webs help to map to those strengths. 1. You already have heard about plans for s/c to act in some communal sense. 2. The objective is to allow airborne assets to examine specific areas identified by s/c in more depth, 3.and then to rapidly deploy a surface system to examine a portion of the airborne scanned area in even more detail and over a longer time period. lemmerman: Here is a bit more data on the sensor web concept. The idea is that each type of observation is best suited to some specific type of observation area. Sensor webs help to map to those strengths. 1. You already have heard about plans for s/c to act in some communal sense. 2. The objective is to allow airborne assets to examine specific areas identified by s/c in more depth, 3.and then to rapidly deploy a surface system to examine a portion of the airborne scanned area in even more detail and over a longer time period.

8. Sensor Web IT/Comm Technology Needs ESE Vision Feature o Global Coverage o Low data latency o Retargeting ‘0n-the-fly’ Platform advancements required o Multiple Collaborating Assets »Formation flying for sparse apertures and rapid data delivery »Information and command links to suborbital sensors »Autonomous operations for affordability o Flexible communication systems »High Rate Communications »IP Based data distribution »Demand access-like communication o On-board data processing »Science Feature identification »Dynamic replanning »Goal Driven Commanding lemmerman: To allow all those collaborations to happen, there are a number of technologies required dealing with on board processing, data extraction, autonomy, etc, and the demands are highly specialized, depending on the specific platform in question. lemmerman: To allow all those collaborations to happen, there are a number of technologies required dealing with on board processing, data extraction, autonomy, etc, and the demands are highly specialized, depending on the specific platform in question.

9. Sensor Web Communications

10. Challenges Summarized Communications - Ultra-high bandwidth Seamless s/c to ground. Essentially zero latency GN&C - Precision autonomous control (nanometer scale) Wave-front control across platforms for distributed instruments Large, lightweight Structures - 30-50 m class mw apertures Sensor Web - Large scale self-maintaining architectures C&DH - On-board processing for object /event recognition, data compression, instrument control,autonomy Propulsion - Micro propulsion for precision station-keeping