1. The role of stakeholders: the Netherlands Dr. Andrea Keessen Utrecht University 2013

2. Introduction 2 Dutch cases: Essche Stroom & Overdiepse polder Importance of participation Law in the books & the law in action

3. Adaptive management Importance of participation Focus on learning Experiments Social learning: participation Bio-regional scale Polycentricity

4. Essche Stroom

5. Essche Stroom (Brabant) Nature development, water quality and quantity Many authorities involved: no clear division of competences, responsibility & financing of new nature measures Water board implements all measures, province remains responsible and finances new nature Many small scale projects: increased flexibility + participation -> social learning opportunities

6. Casestudy Overdiepse Polder (Meuse)

7. Overdiepse polder (Meuse) State assigned polder as a water storage area. European and Dutch Law demand participation, but not in an early stage. Inhabitants did not want to protest & delay but instead made an innovative plan. From living behind a dyke to living on a terp. Province coordinated the process, water board implemented the plan, municipality was involved as well. Agreement on (flood) damages with the State.

8. Conclusions The Dutch legal framework recognizes the need for participation. Participation is mandatory in the above cases once there is a plan or draft decision. The law does not promote private involvement through early public participation, despite recommendations. Yet it happens in practice.