2. Slide 2GroupingsGroupings Slide 3Cooperative BehaviourCooperative Behaviour Slide 4AltruismAltruism Slide 5BreedingBreeding Slide 6Mating SystemsMating Systems Slide 7Parental CareParental Care Slide 8CommunicationCommunication Slide 9Intraspecific CompetitionIntraspecific Competition Slide 10Other grouping aspectsOther grouping aspects Slide 11Predator AvoidancePredator Avoidance Slide 12MimicryMimicry Slide 13Predation ToolsPredation Tools ANIMAL RELATIONSHIPS

3. GROUPINGS Advantages: Improving young rearing Protection from predation Effective migration Shared learning Breeding success Division of labour Environmental manipulation Shared Feeding Disadvantages: Disease Competition Predators attracted Many animals live in groups. Examples? There must be some sort of survival advantage from doing this.

4. COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOUR Social behaviour involves a closed group working together. Clumping is simple; short term, and completely innate - e.g. Cooperative behaviour is generally innate, but can be modified. It involves members of the same species living together for mutual benefit. There are various types…

5. ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIOUR Altruistic behaviour is where a member of a group reduces their chance of reproduction in favour of another member of their group. This is called kin selection. Whoa...does this make sense evolutionarily? Many Pukekos will not breed as they do not have dominance in the group. Even so they will help gather food, rear others young and protect the territory. Lab Manual pg 205/6, 225

6. BREEDING Most animals synchronise their breeding with courtship rituals. This may involve a combination of… Bringing gifts, physical stimulation, synchronised movement, visual cues and Voice. Why do this? ensures that the individuals are the same species suppresses aggressive behaviour develops pair bond ensures readiness for breeding Some may do all of these things…

7. MATING SYSTEMS External fertilization (usually response to environmental cues) e.g. fish Monogamy e.g. most birds (and people) Polygamy Polygyny - 1 male has breeding rights with many females e.g. Lions, Baboons Polyandry - 1 female has rights over males e.g. Bees. This is much less common... Why? Polygynandry e.g. Pukekos, Bonobos

8. PARENTAL CARE This is an energy cost for the parent, and limits the number of offspring but results in improved survival rates. Lab Manual pg 226-229 The more time you spend looking after your offspring, the fewer you can have.

9. COMMUNICATION Important for maintaining any social system. Could be: Aural (whale song), visual (peacock), chemical (cats), etc...

10. INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION Agonistic behaviour within the species - threats and submission to establish dominance (no physical harm - usually). Aggressive behaviour - harming or killing a competitor (not just predation). Hierarchy - a complex dominance order. A simple linear one is called a pecking order.

11. OTHER GROUPING ASPECTS Sexual dimorphism - results from selection pressures such as males bigger/stronger to defend territory, or sexual selection. Lab Manual pg 215/6, 219/20 look at 223-224 or Pukeko vid Other terms you need to know: Territory - defended area. Home range - roaming area used to gather resources, may overlap with other groups.

12. INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS Also remember some of the stuff from 2A...stuff from 2A... You already know about: PredationParasitismHerbivory MutualismCommensalismCompetition Stuff you maybe haven't seen yet... Predation avoidance: Prey species may try to deter predators using: A startle display – to look as big as possible Poison (and warning colours)

13. MIMICRY This is another predator avoidance strategy. What does a monarch taste like?monarch taste like BeeHoverfly Batesian mimicry: one poisonous - the other is harmless Mullerian mimicry: both species share the same warning A moth A caterpillar

14. PREDATION TOOLS Concealment Tools Traps Lab Manual pg 211/2, 213/4, 217/8 Check out the Pukeko video. Stunning! Predators use a variety of strategies to get prey.