1. Warm Up 1.What is hydronium? 2.Does it create an acid or base? 3.What is hydroxide 4.Does it create an acid or a base 5.A solution has a pH of 3. What is its concentration of H + ? 6.A solution has a pH of 6. What is its concentration of H + ? 7.A solution has a pH of 8. What is its concentration of H + ?

2. Warm Up 1. What is radioactivity? 2.What are the three types of radioactive decay? 3.What is an alpha particle? 4.What is a beta particle? 5.What is a gamma particle? 6. 226 88 Ra  222 86 Rn + 4 2 He Name this type of decay. 7. 14 6 C  14 7 N + 0 -1 e Name this type of decay. 8. 12 5 B  12 6 C + A Z XIdentify A, Z and X and this type of reaction

3. Warm Up 1. What is radioactivity? 2.What are the three types of radioactive decay? 3.What is an alpha particle? 4.What is a beta particle? 5.What is a gamma particle?

4. Warm Up 1.What is the strong nuclear force? 2.What is nuclear fission? 3.What is a chain reaction? 4.What is released when a neutron splits an atomic nucleus? 5.Name three common uses of radiation. 6.The formula E=mc 2 was developed by whom? 7.What is critical mass?

5. GIST Select 5 of the following topics to write a GIST about. Use no more than 40 words to summarize each topic you select: Periodic Table Bonding Chemical Reactions Acids and Bases Solutions/solubility Molarity Nuclear Chemistry Matter The Scientific Method

6. Rules for Pictionary 1.The group will select one member to draw. 2.No member can draw twice until all members have drawn. 3.Each group has 3 minutes to try to guess the drawers word. 4.All words were selected from your textbook. 5.No notes, textbooks or other materials are allowed during the game. 6.Words and numbers may not be used on drawings. 7.The winning team will be awarded 10 extra points on their mid-term exam.

7. Rules for Pictionary 8.Group leaders will choose the first member of their group. 9.The newest group member will select the next member. 10.The group guessing their word the fastest in each round will win the round. 11.The group that wins the most number of rounds wins the game.

8. Radioactivity Nuclear Change

9. RadioactivityRadioactivity in Our Daily Lives Radioactivity effects our lives daily and in many ways. Technology uses radiation for medicine, energy production and safety devices.

10. Radioactivity Radioactive materials have unstable nuclei. They emit particles or energy while seeking stability. These materials undergo change through radioactivity.

11. Radioactivity These changes occur due to a process called nuclear decay. Through decay an element can change into an isotope of the same element or a different element all together.

12. Radioactivity Nuclear Radiation – Charged Particles and energy that are emitted from the Nuclei

13. Types of Nuclear Radiation There are three types of nuclear radiation: Alpha particles Beta Particles Gamma Ray

14. Alpha particles Alpha particles are positively charged and are the most massive of all the other types of nuclear radiation. Alpha particles are made of two protons and two neutrons, the same as a helium atom. Alpha particles can be stopped by a sheet of paper.

15. Alpha Particle Decay Equation 238 92 U  234 90 Th + 4 2 He

16. Beta Particles Beta Particles are fast moving electrons. They are able to penetrate matter more deeply that alpha particles. A beta Particle is an electron emitted by an unstable nucleus. –Given the Symbol 0 -1 e or 0 -1 

17. Beta Particle Decay Equation Wait a minute…….. A negatively charged particle from the nucleus? A neutron decomposes into a proton and an electron. The proton stays in the nucleus and the electron is released. Beta Particles can pass through paper, but are stopped by metals

18. Beta Particle Decay Equation 234 90 Th  234 91 Pa + 0 -1 e

19. Gamma Radiation Gamma Ray – a penetrating ray of energy emitted by an unstable nucleus. Has No Mass Has No Charge Is a form of Electromagnetic Radiation Travel at the Speed of Light Often are accompanied by Beta decay. Gamma rays have much power and can penetrate 7 cm of lead

20. Gamma Ray Decay Equation 234 90 Th  234 91 Pa + 0 -1 e + 0 0 

21. Summary of Radioactive Particles Radiation TypeSymbolChargeMassCommon Source Alpha 4 2 He or 4 2  2+4 Radium 226 Beta 0 -1 e 1-1/1836 Carbon 14 Gamma 0000 00 Cobalt 60

22. Alpha Decay

23. Beta Decay-gains a proton/loses a neutron

24. Radioactive Decay Rates While it is impossible to predict when any particular nucleus will decay, it is possible to predict how long t will take half the nuclei in a particular sample to decay. This time is known as the samples half-life.

25. Calculating Half-Life Amount remaining=Initial Amount(1/2) n Where n=the number of half-lives that have passed Or Amount remaining=Initial Amount(1/2) t/T Where t is elapsed time and T is duration of the half-life.

26. Calculating Half-Lives Problem: 228 Ac has a half life of 6.13 hours. How much of a 5.0 mg sample would remain after one day?

27. Solution: The first step is to determine the number of half lives that have elapsed. number of half lives = 1 half life/6.13 hours x 1 day x 24 hours/day number of half lives = 3.9 half lives For each half life, the total amount of the isotope is reduced by half. Amount remaining = Original amount x 1/2 (number of half lives) Amount remaining = 5.0 mg x 2 -(3.9) Amount remaining = 5.0 mg x (.067) Amount remaining = 0.33 mg

28. Radioactive Half-life After the first half-life of a sample has passed, half the sample remains unchanged and half has decayed. After the second half-life has passed, half of the remaining radioactive sample has changed (1/2 X 1/2 = 1/4). Following the next half-life, ½ of the remaining sample will be decayed 1/2 X 1/2 X 1/2 = 1/8).

30. Radioactive Half-life Radioactive half-lives are different for different elements. Half-lives can vary from fractions of a second to billions of years.

31. Table of Radioactive Half-lives Hydrogen-3 (tritium) Beryllium-10 Carbon-14 Silicon-32 Phosphorus-32 Potassium-40 Calcium-42 Iron-55 Cobalt-60 Nickel-59 Nickel-63 Selenium-79 12 years 1 million 600 thousand years 5 thousand 700 years 500 years 14 days 1 thousand million years 14 thousand years 3 years 5 years 75 thousand years 10 years 65 thousand years

32. Homework Page 292, Section One Review (Chapter 9). Problems 1-7.

33. Fission and Fusion In 1939, while trying to create heavy isotopes, German scientists first split the atom. Nuclei are held together by a special force. Despite being positively charged (protons) they don’t fly apart. This force is called the strong nuclear force.

34. Strong Nuclear Force If the strong nuclear force is stronger than the force of repulsion, the nucleus is stable and does not decay. However, as protons and neutrons are added to a nucleus, it gets less and less stable. If these nuclei become too unstable then they will decay. Nuclei with more than 83 protons are always unstable.

35. Fission As these nuclei decay, they release energy in the form of radiation. Scientists have learned that by bombarding radioactive elements, like uranium (92 protons) with neutrons, they can split the uranium atom and release this energy from the strong nuclear force.

36. Fission When a neutron hits an atom and splits it, the atom releases additional neutrons. These neutrons, in turn, split other atoms. This process accelerates as more neutrons are generated and more atoms are split. This process is known as a chain reaction.

37. Application of Fission Fission produces lots of heat. This heat is used in power plants to heat water into stream that is then used to turn a turbine and generate electricity.

38. Fission and Energy During the process of fission, a small amount of the mass of the nucleus is turned into energy. This reaction is defined by Einstein’s equation, E=mc 2. Small amounts of mass are converted into vast quantities of energy. One kg of mass can be converted into as much energy as 22 million tons of TNT.

39. The Chain Reaction Principle In an atomic bomb, two masses of uranium are needed. These two masses are surrounded by an explosive. When the explosive is detonated, the two masses are slammed together and compressed. This compression leads to critical mass. Critical mass means that the atoms are forced close enough together to sustain a chain reaction.

40. Homework Chapter 9: Section 1 Review-page 292, problems 1-5.