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©2010 Elsevier, Inc. Appendix 2 Dodds & Whiles. ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. APP 2 FIGURE - 1 Percentage light transmission as a function of wavelength for (A)

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Presentation on theme: "©2010 Elsevier, Inc. Appendix 2 Dodds & Whiles. ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. APP 2 FIGURE - 1 Percentage light transmission as a function of wavelength for (A)"— Presentation transcript:

1 ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. Appendix 2 Dodds & Whiles

2 ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. APP 2 FIGURE - 1 Percentage light transmission as a function of wavelength for (A) pure water; (B) a green alga, Chorella; (C) a cyanobacterium, Microcystis; and (D) humic substances. Note that water absorbs much of the red light, the green alga allows more green light through, the cyano-bacterium lets a bit more blue light through, and the humic substances remove blue and green light. Thus, an oligotrophic lake has blue water, a lake with green algae appears green, a lake with cyanobacteria appears blue green, and a lake with high levels of dissolved humic substances appears reddish-brown. (Data from Hakvoort, 1994; Wetzel, 2001).

3 ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. APP 2 FIGURE - 2 Contrasting color of lakes. A eutrophic pond in Oklahoma with a floating cyanobacterial bloom (left) and ultraoligotrophic Crater Lake (right).

4 ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. APP 2 FIGURE - 3 Illustration of the appearance of colored objects at depth in lakes of different trophic status. Upper left, full light; upper right, a blue filter simulating light deep in an oligotrophic lake where white looks blue, and blue looks black. Lower left, a green filter as at moderate depth in a mesotrophic lake where white looks green and blue looks black. Lower right, a red filter as at shallow depth in a eutrophic lake where the contrast between red and white is strongly decreased.

5 ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. APP 2 FIGURE - 4 Global precipitation for 2006. (From the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre).

6 ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. APP 2 FIGURE - 5 Major aquifers of the United States. Blue and turquoise areas are unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifers, yellow are semiconsolidated sand aquifers, green are sandstone aquifers, purple are sandstone and carbonate aquifers, brown and reddish brown are carbonate aquifers, red and pink are igneous and metamorphic rock aquifers. (Image courtesy of the National Atlas, US Department of the Interior).

7 ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. APP 2 FIGURE - 6 Global distribution of aquatic habitats. In all cases, increasingly dark colors indicate a greater density of the type of habitat. (A) Wetlands, (B) intermittent rivers, (C) perennial rivers, (D) intermittent lakes, (E) perennial lakes. (Data from Cogley, 1994).

8 ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. APP 2 FIGURE - 7 Zebra mussel spread in the United States from 1988 to 2005. Sightings or samplings are indicated by dots, and states with a brown tint are those where mussels have been found. (Image courtesy of the US Geological Survey).

9 ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. APP 2 FIGURE - 8 Percentage threatened species, numbers of native species, and stressors in Europe. (A) % fish threatened (larger red dots mean more threatened) and fish species (darker green areas have more native diversity), (B) % amphibians threatened (larger red dots mean more threatened) and amphibian species (darker green areas have more native diversity), (C) nonnative fishes (darker colors mean more species), (D) % developed areas, (E) fragmentation, and (F) degree of water stress. (Image from Tockner et al., 2009).

10 ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. APP 2 FIGURE - 9 Atmospheric deposition of hydrogen ions, sulfate, and ammonium 1 nitrate in the United States from 1994 and 2007. In all images, low rates are in green, high rates are in red. (Images courtesy of National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NRSP-3). 2009. NADP Program Office, Illinois State Water Survey, 2204 Griffith Dr., Champaign, IL 61820).

11 ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. APP 2 FIGURE - 10 Mesocosms made of 1 m diameter polyethylene bags to test the effects of nutrient limitation on uptake and remineralization rates of phosphorus in mesotrophic Milford Reservoir, Kansas.

12 ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. APP 2 FIGURE - 11 Nutrient-diffusing substrata deployed in a stream (left) and after collection (right). The filters are placed on agar in containers with or without various nutrients and incubated in the stream channel for a few weeks. The filters are then removed from the tops of the containers and analyzed for metabolism (photosynthesis and respiration) and algal chlorophyll. In the assay to the right, there is a strong colimitation of N and P (the filters are much greener). (Images courtesy of Laura Johnson).

13 ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. APP 2 FIGURE - 12 A long-term leaf and wood exclusion experiment at Coweta Hydrologic Laboratory in the southern Appalachian Mountains under and above the netting. This ecosystem-scale experiment was designed to gauge the effects of excluding leaf and wood inputs into forested headwater streams and consisted of several hundred meters of mesh covering a headwater stream all the way up to the spring seep source. Also note the orange and gray plastic mesh to stop lateral leaf inputs. After wood removal, plastic pipes were added to simulate the physical effects of wood input without the carbon input. (Images courtesy of S. L. Eggert).

14 ©2010 Elsevier, Inc. APP 2 FIGURE - 13 Scenes from the Pantanal illustrating various scales of observation. From top to bottom, a satellite image of the huge number of wetland pools, an aerial photo of a main channel and adjacent flooded areas, a pool with caiman, Caiman yacre, and a giant river otter, Pteronura brasiliensis. (Images courtesy of Steve Hamilton).


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