1. Study Objectives and Study Design Dr. Abdel Moniem Mukhtar, Dr.P.H., MPH, BDS, Research Methodology Module, AUW on Septmember 2012

2. 2 SEITE McColl, 2001

3. 3 SEITE Setting Objectives “Our primary objectives were to 1) determine the prevalence of domestic violence among female patients presenting to four community-based, primary care, adult medicine practices that serve patients of diverse socioeconomic background and 2) identify demographic and clinical differences between currently abused patients and patients not currently being abused ” [McCauley, 1995]

4. 4 SEITE Setting Objectives “In the current study we tested the hypothesis that a policy of active management of nulliparous labour would: 1. reduce the rate of caesarean section, 2. reduce the rate of prolonged labour; 3. not influence maternal satisfaction with the birth experience. “ [Sadler, 2000]

5. 5 SEITE Setting Objectives “To examine whether topical or intraluminal antibiotics reduce catheter- related bloodstream infection, we reviewed randomized, controlled trials that assessed the efficacy of these antibiotics for primary prophylaxis against catheter-related bloodstream infection and mortality compared with no antibiotic therapy in adults undergoing hemodialysis.” [James, 2008]

6. 6 SEITE Setting Objectives “To assess the effects on child health, growth, and development, and on maternal health, of exclusive breastfeeding for six months versus exclusive breastfeeding for three to four months with mixed breastfeeding (introduction of complementary liquid or solid foods with continued breastfeeding) thereafter through six months.” [Kramer, 2009, p. 1]

7. 7 SEITE Setting Objectives “The aim of this follow-up study was to elucidate the role of psychological factors in the occurrence of naturally acquired common cold among an easily accessible population. In this investigation, we focus on the development of clinical illness, based on symptoms and signs and regardless of the immune response.” [Takkouche, 2001, p. 346]

8. 8 SEITE Setting Objectives “INTERHEART is a large, international, standardised, case-control study, designed as an initial step to assess the importance of risk factors for coronary heart disease worldwide (slides available at http://www.phri.ca/ interheart). We aimed to include about 15 000 cases and a similar number of controls from 52 countries, representing all inhabited continents. Specific objectives are to determine the strength of association between various risk factors and acute myocardial infarction in the overall study population and to ascertain if this association varies by geographic region, ethnic origin, sex, or age. A key secondary objective is to estimate the PAR for risk factors and their combinations in the overall population and in various subgroups.” [Yusuf, 2004, p. 938]http://www.phri.ca/

9. 9 SEITE Setting Objectives “We aimed to use a large, representative primary medical care electronic database to examine the distribution of multimorbidity in relation to age and socioeconomic deprivation, and the relation between comorbidity of physical and mental health disorders and deprivation.” [Barnett, 2012, p. 37]

10. 10 SEITE Setting Objectives “To determine the patterns of care seeking behavior, and home management for childhood illnesses. To identify the attitudes and opinions and practices of mothers regarding child immunization. To study the knowledge, attitudes and practices of mothers regarding exclusive breast feeding. To identify the reasons behind the prevailing practices of mothers regarding exclusive breast feeding and the support provided to them. To identify barriers to uptake of curative and preventive child care services” [Mustafa, Mukhtar, 2012]

11. 11 SEITE An overview of clinical research: the lay of the land. Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Lancet. 2002 Jan 5;359(9300):57-61.

12. 12 SEITE Time and Design Grimes, 2002

13. 13 SEITE

14. 14 SEITE Stang, 2011

15. 15 SEITE Case-control studies: Design Grimes, 2002

16. 16 SEITE

17. 17 SEITE Thank you for your kind attention Dr. P.H. Abdel Moniem Mukhtar, MPH, BDS Head of Research Public Health Institute Sahafa, P.O. Box 9099 Khartoum/ Sudan Tel.: +249-9-256 001 61 Email: mukhtar@phi.edu.sd moniem.mukhtar@gmail.com Website: www.phi.edu.sd